umroh: CONQUESTS

Umayyad conquest of Hispania

The Umayyad conquest of Hispania (711-718) started at Umayyad Caliphate team, consists mainly of Berber Muslims from North Western Africa invaded Hispania (now Iberia: Portugal and Spain) are dominated by the Christian Visigoths in 711. This occurred during the time of the conquest of the reign of Caliph Al-Walid I in Damascus, and led by General Tariq bin Ziyad (? - 720). Umayyad troops landed at Gibraltar on 30 April 711, and then move to the north. A year later, Musa bin Nusair top Tariq join his team. This military campaign running around 8 years, and as a result most of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded dominated Muslims except small areas on the southwestern side (Galicia and Asturias) and Basque regions in the Pyrenees region. This conquest districts latter Al-Andalus, and became part of the Umayyad caliphate which continues to grow.

Chronology of the Umayyad conquest
of the 6th Century - Nobility, Visigoth nobility evolved into landlords.
710 - Tariff bin Malik lead of 400 with 100 horse and do the expedition landed at the southern tip of the Iberian European continent now called Tarifa, taken from the name.
711 - Musa ibn Nusair, the Wali (governor) of Ifriqiya (North Africa), sending a team led by Tariq ibn Ziyad to Iberia, following the success of the expedition, there are problems on Tariffs and Visigoths in Hispania Dynasty.
19th July 711 - Tariq bin Ziyad Team, assisted by Julian , count of Ceuta [citation needed], Visigoth King Roderic beat, near the River Guadalete.
712 June - Syrian people come to Hispania, and attacked the cities and fortresses that were not exposed Tariq bin Ziyad

February 715 - Musa ibn Nusair, entered Damascus together with his captive kings and nobles Visigoths, along with thousands of other prisoners, to pay tribute to the Islamic caliphate in Damascus.
? (C. 715-716) - Musa bin Nusair died in Hijaz currently conducting Hajj. His son Abdul Aziz ibn Musa appointed as Governor of Al-Andalus, the capital city of Sevilla. Abdul Malik also married widow Roderic, Egilona from Balti dynasty.
717-718 - Wali (Governor) of Al-Hurr bin Abdurrahman Ats-Tsaqafi crossed the Pyrenees, and lead the attack Septimania. Most of these attacks have failed.
719 - Governor Al-Samh bin Malik Al-Khaulani, the capital of Al-Andalus move from Sevilla to Cordoba.
732 Spring - Wali Abdurrahman bin Abdullah Al-Ghafiqi moved through the western Pyrenees, crossing, and beat Duke Odo of Aquitaine by the river Garonne.
Oct. 732 - Battle of Tours (Balat Al Shuhada '). Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi, faced with Charles Martel. Martel won this battle, stop the wave of the Umayyad conquest of Europe. Abdurrahman himself killed in this battle.

734-742 - between ethnic-ethnic riots in Al-Andalus.
755 - Lordships Umayyad Abdurrahman I, fled from Damascus, following the fall of the Umayyad rule into the hands of Abbasid Empire. At the end of 755 he landed in Granada, al-Andalus
756 - Abdurrahman I beat him Wali Al-Andalus Al-Fihri on Musarah battle outside the city of Cordoba. It then shows himself as Amir Al-Andalus and digelari Ad-intimate (the Entrance).

CONQUEST Damascus ::
Saif bin Umar said, "While Abu Ubaidah Yarmuk it departs from the army to the Marj as-Shaffar and it is hard desire besieged Damascus. Suddenly the news reached him of enemy reinforcements Horns, and reach even to the news of the Roman army gathering Fihl (name of a place in Syria near Baisan and now he is famous since the conquest of Syria, called the Yaum Yaum Radaghah and Baisan) districts of Palestine. While Abu Ubaidah perplexed which must be faced first. Then immediately he sent a letter to Umar. ask this. Then came the answer, "Begin the attack Damascus first, because this region is of an embankment Syria and the capital of the state government. Do not forget, kacaukanlah concentration of Roman troops gathered at Fihl with horsemen put right in front of their team, if successful cavalry conquered Damascus subject them before then that is what we expect, but if Damascus who first conquered proceeded with troops (to Fihl , managing director,.) as they moved off stead for the Damascus region. If you do not succeed-Fihl lukkan you and Khalid then proceeded to submit Amr Horns and co Syarhabil to deal with Jordan and Palestine. "

Abu Ubaidah then assign ten captains headed for Fihl. Each amir supervise five gang leaders, public leaders and the whole team is Umara ibn Makhsyi-a-friend, they run from Marj as-Shaffar to Fihl. Arriving at Fihl they found Roman team personnel of 80,000 people. They lihkan subtracting the water channels around them to land where they become tarnish, because that place is called the ar-Radaghah (tarnish that makes horse embedded)

Abu Ubaidah also sent his team placed between Damascus and Palestine. It sent troops to Dzil Kala 'and placed between Damascus and Horns, to block the enemy relief came Heraclius sent. After that Abu Ubaidah runs from Marj as-Safar to Damascus. Khalid flown in defense, while Abu Ubaidah and Amr ibn al-Ash on the left and right positions.Iyadh cavalry led by bin Ghanm, and infantry troops led by Syarhabil bin Hasanah. They arrived in the city of Damascus, while becoming the highest-ma pangli Roman team there is Nisthas Nusturus.

Khalid was right down the east door and walked to the door Kaisan, while Abu Ubaidah al-off at the door big Jabiyah, and Yazid bin Abu Sufyan al-door down small Jabiyah, meanwhile Amr ibn al-Ash together Syarhabil bin Hasanah down and put his team around waste other doors, and they have completed the tool thrower (al-Manjaniq) and dabbnbat (vehicle war). Abu Ubaidah commanded Abu ad-Darda 'to be Penghu-man team forgot (A village of Damascus) as reinforcements for the team later, and became the team's reinforcements that occur between and Horns.

Finally, they besieged Damascus from all sides for 70 nights, some say siege last for about 4 months, and some felt six months, while the population of Damascus died ferociously defend their fortress, while they send a letter to King Heraclius, who lives in Horns - requested that reinforcements be sent to them immediately. but impossible reinforcements coming from Dzil Kala 'which had been closed by Abu Ubaidah team placed between Damascus and Horns-is approximately one-night when Damascus residents believe impossible reinforcements come they become desperate and weak, while the siege of the Muslims increasingly strong. Then came the bitter cold winter and worsening condition, pertempuranpun more difficult, but God Almighty. - The great God and Almighty, the Owner glory menakdirkan one clergyman born child that night, and it was complete feast of food and drink to the people, then the whole eating and drinking wassail to their eventual default keep the gates of Petra- their bastions.

Khalid is very familiar with the condition of them, because they do not sleep and do not let one of his team to fall asleep, it constantly eyeing them day and night, while sending spies who brought the enemy to him since morning till late afternoon. When Khalid see the lights switched off at night, and it is impossible to fight with their fortresses jump high, then it is complete ladders of rope, then the warrior and wizard war as himself, al-Qa'qa 'bin Amr and Madz'ur bin Adi immediately advanced lead their team near the door and remind pasukarmya, "If you listen to the interpretation of the fence then went up to follow us."

They began to spread ladders and tie ends with a long string. After that Khalid advanced with his friends swim across the ditch defense by bringing in enclaves equipment made of skin hanging on their necks. Eventually they managed to install tanga-stairs and tie ends with a long string, while underneath they leave out the trench. They began to rise from the scaffold. When they went up on the fence they shouted Allahu Akbar aloud. Islam teams move directly up the stairs that were completed, and the bully immediately Khalid Islam to go down to the doorman fortress and destroy their work.Then Khalid along with his companions cut closing the door with their swords to successfully open the door fortress by force, then the rest of the team go from door Khalid raided the East. When the people heard the voice of interpretation, they got up and headed for the team of each respective place near the fence, without knowing what had happened, every time their team arriving at the door of the east embankment certainly killed by Khalid team. Finally Khalid immediately entered the city while killing anyone they meet. As for the guards door headed for their leader urged fence shout out to reconcile - the Muslims had previously tried to invite them to make peace on condition they hand over half of the land but they refused, then when they ask for peace and accept these terms Muslims accept a peace agreement was .

The friend did not know what made the army now Khalid had been in the enemy fortress. Finally the door opened and the entire rest of the team get into the fortress of reconciliation. But when they got inside they found Khalid at war killing enemy personnel that they have encountered. The companions said to Khalid, "Truly we guarantee peace soul", but Khalid said, "No, I have succeeded in opening the fortress and seized by war." After that the leaders gathered in the middle of the state right next to the Church of the Holy Miqsalat close-ar-Raihan way now.

This is the story mentioned Saif bin Umar and others. And this is the history of the most famous, that of Khalidlah force the door open, but some historians have argued that Abu Ubaidah who has opened the castle, and some suggest that even Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan who opened the door, Khalid peace with the native population. They have to reverse the story of the famous and known to many people, Allah knows a 'checkers.

The companions beselisih, some say that this city fortress conquered by peace, by their amir Abu Ubaidah. But others said that this fortress was subjected to forcible late pepe goods, namely Khalid conquered by the sword. Think the problem has not been completed then they leave for the other team leaders with whom his Abu Ubaidah. Abu Ubaidah akhinya peace with them, and they agreed to divide the fortress with certainty that conquered half of peace and the other half was subjected late war. Thus half of the population of Damascus has Wila-yah, and the other half belongs to the companions. This is reinforced by the already mentioned Saif bin Umar that the companions had actually asked them to make peace with the condition that they pay their half of the land, but they refused. Then, when they feel their despair immediately accept the offer. While the companions do not know what made by Khalid. Therefore, the companions took half of the largest church building in Damasukus mentioned by name Yoharmes Church, and make the region east of this church as a mosque. While the western half of the district population remain the property of Damascus. In addition there are 14 other churches still left to be theirs. Added by half Yoharmes curacy what became Masjid Jami 'Damascus. Khalid write to their peace agreement and the guarantee of peace, which was witnessed by Abu Ubaidah, Amr ibn al-Ash, Yazid and Syarhabil.

Some Opinion About Date conquest Damascus
Ibn Kathir said, "The word Saif bin Umar shows that the conquest occurred in the year 13 AH, but Saif write as written by the majority of historians that conquered Damascus in the mid towards the middle of the month of Rajab 14 AH Thus that which was written by Ibn al-Hafizh Asakir of the way Muhammad bin al-Qurasyi AIZ Dimasyqi of ad-Walid ibn Muslim from Uthman bin Hisn380 bin Allaq from Yazid bin Ubaidah, he said,
'I heard our teachers say Indeed town conquered Damascus in the year 14 AH, so the opinion of Sa'id bin Abdul Aziz, Abu Mi'syar, Muhamamd bin Ishaq and al-Umawi Ma'mar, 'as he told the teacher. PhD candidature was this same opinion with the opinion of al-Kalbi, Khalifah bin Khayyath and Abu Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam that occurred in the conquest of Damascus 14.H '. "

Some have argued that this invasion occurred in the year 14 H. Shawwaal Khalifah bin Khayyath said, "Abu Ubaidah besieged them in Rajab, Sha'ban, Ramadan, Syawwal and peace treaty occurred in Dzulqa'dah."

What's occurred Peaceful Conquest or late war?
The scholars differed concerning the conquest of Damascus conquered the country in peace or whether through war?Most of the scholars mention that this invasion occurred peacefully, their debts se-chapter which happened first, the previously conquered by war after the new Roman party seeking peace? Or conquered by peace, or some of them are brought to their knees by war? When they doubt their attitudes to this problem took the view that more careful that the state was subjected to peace.

Some have argued that conquered half of peace, and some more with the war. This argument is true when the companions saw the largest church gathered them and they agreed to take some of them, and leave the other part of the population Damascus, Allah knows a 'lam.

Some have mentioned that Abu Ubaidah who wrote the peace treaty, is a more appropriate history and famous, because Khalid was given, for drink-stop from the department. Some say that the me-nuliskan Khalidlah peace agreement on consent Ubaidah.Abu Hudzaifah Abu Ishaq bin Bisyr mentions that Abu Bakr ash-Shiddiq died before the conquest of Damascus and Umar. has sent a letter to Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah to tell him and to all Muslims mourning news of the death of Abu Bakr ash-Shiddiq. And Umar. appointed Abu Ubaidah as commander-high ter entire force stationed in the State of Syria, and 'Umar. rintahkannya ordered to always consult with Khalid in on battle tactics. When the letter reached him, Abu Ubaidah soon hid the letter from Khalid to finally conquered Damascus, after a late night of twenty new conquest of Damascus Abu Ubaidah pass ascension and termination letter Khalid, Khalid said to him, "May Allah SWT. bless you, why did not you tell me since you received the letter? "Abu Ubaidah answered," I fear will undermine the spirit berperangmu, but not the world power that I want, and not to the world, I'm working, you see the sort of pleasure surely will end soon and extinguished, we are brothers, there is no harm in a Muslim replace his brother in both religious and worldly affairs. "

Nhật CONQUEST BY Norman
Conquest of England by the Norman-launched starting in 1066 with the invasion of Great Britain by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), and his success at the battle of Hastings cause power Normandy to England.

William the Conqueror ± 1027-1087
There was said, in the year 1066, Prince William of Normandy with only a few thousand soldiers behind to cross the straits which separated the mainland European continent to England, British authorities so hold determination. Bold determination that this escapade was successful, efflux capacity invasion by foreign forces that can run as intended, the Norman Conquest was more than just grab the crown of Great Britain for William and his descendants. This brings a profound influence on the entire subsequent history of English in many ways and the ineffable nature by William himself.

William was born around the year 1027 in a city of Falaise in Normandy, France. Status child prostitute, but the only son of Robert I, Prince of Normandy. Robert died in 1035, when on the way back made a pilgrimage to the abode. Prior to his departure he was pointing William as heir. So, at the age of eight years, Prince William has become Normandy. Far from assured for him get a delicious and luxurious position, thus making adoption complicated position for William. He asked nothing more than a small child who must head clear baron baron-old man was on. Not paying surprise that the baron-baron ambition was more prominent rather than loyalty. And never mind the consequences can be assessed further: there was a situation of anarchy, three guards were brutally murdered William private teacher even been digorok sticks his neck. With the help of the French king Henry I (who actually do not even mere status symbol) William lucky to be able to continue to see the sun in the early years of his life. His fate has not been as bad as a personal guard or teacher.

Year 1042, when Williarn teenage step-year middle age, he was appointed as a military officer of honor. After that she had a personal role in political events. Then a string torn battle against Norman feudal baron baron-which in the end can be won William establish itself. (No longer inevitable, not the official status of the child is in William is a political obstacle to his opponents often call "sundelan"). In 1603 he successfully conquered Maine, neighboring provinces and in the year 1064 he also succeeded as ruler acknowledged Brittania, also other neighboring provinces.

From the year 1042 to 1066, the King of England was Edward "Acknowledgement Recipients Sang." Because Edward is not berputera a single, numerous articles motion to substitute British government position. From a blood relationship, claims William replace Edward is weak; mother is sister of Edward's grandfather William. But, in the year 1051, perhaps influenced by William showed that he had the willingness, Edward promised William to become his successor.

Year 1064, Harold Prince Goldwin most powerful in England and a close friend as well as in the fist-in-law Edward William. William Harold treat as is but to keep him until he is sworn in support claims William receive the crown of Great Britain. Many people thinks oath robbery models do not have this kind of legality and moral ties, and indeed Harold himself did not think so. When Edward died in 1066, Harold Goldwin claim the crown of Great Britain for her own and a body that was its name "Witan" (body consisting of the nobility that commonly take part in decisions that so nobody crown holder) chosen so the new king. William, who ambition ambitious and angry with Harold because it violated the oath, take the decision to seize the throne of England invaded by force of arms.

William assemble a fleet and armed forces on the coast of France, and in early August 1066 he was ready lift anchor.However, the expedition was delayed a few weeks to wait meredanya bad wind from the north. Meanwhile, Norway's King Harald Hardraade separate attacks across the North Sea to England. Harold Goldwin alert team in south England, William ready for the attack. Thus he must exert his team to northern England to block those attacks Norway.September 25th, in the battle at Stamford Bridge and his army defeated the Norwegian king mess.

Only two days later the wind changed in the Strait of Canal and William rushed to deploy the team to England. Possible, we suggest letting Harold William move towards him or at least spell prajuritnya sufficiently before diving into the trenches. But, he did even inversion. He hastily move the team back to the south face William. Second armed forces to meet the 4th December 1066 in a famous battle at Hastings. At the end of the day the cavalry and archers William is capable of dividing the Anglo-Saxon porandakan strength. By night fall, King Harold himself was killed. Two brothers have been killed in the clashes earlier and no British leaders have left the weight and authority of forming a new team or claims against William the crown of the kingdom. William was crowned in London on Christmas Day.

Last five years, broken some scattered revolts, but William willing menggebrak them all. William uses this as an excuse excuse rebellion seize all land in England and notify that all land is owned privately. Many of the lands then go around to the followers of the Norwegianya the control of the land in feudal conditions as vassalnya. As a result, the whole Anglo-Saxon aristocracy removed, replaced by the likes of Norway. (How was it sounds dramatic, just a few thousand people who are directly involved with the transfer of power. Make no problem penggarap farmers more than mere change of masters).

William always felt he was the King of England and poses a valid and for the lifetime of most British institutions maintained as is without change. Because William stakeholders obtain information concerning what hers so she ordered dilaksanakannya detailed census of population and property concerns. The census results recorded in a great book called "Domesday Book", which is a very valuable source of historical information. (Copy of the original is still there until now, kept in Public Record Office in London).

William married and had four sons and five daughters. He died in 1087 in the city of Rouen, France North. Since then every monarch in English is a direct offspring. Surprisingly, in spite of William the Conqueror is probably the most important king of England, he himself was not an Englishman, but French. He was born in France and closed life in France, spending most of his time there and could only speak French. (He happened to an illiterate).

In the case of measuring the influence of William important meaning for the history of the case must be kept in mind is not going to happen on the British conquest of the Normans in the absence of William. William is not necessarily a replacement crown of Great Britain. If only she furthest from personal ambition and ability, there will be no need for historical reasons the Normans do stampede. English can never raid from France since the Roman conquest of 1000 the previous year. Never yielding the invasion of France (or from anywhere) for nine centuries except by William's.

Questions that arise are as far as a result of being thrown by the Norman conquest? The Norman conquerors of actually relatively small but she's got a big influence for the history of England. In five or six centuries before the conquest, the English have repeatedly raided by the Anglo-Saxon race and cultural policy is Scandinavian and Teutonic. Norman people themselves were descendants of Vikings, but their language and their cultural France. Therefore, the conquest by the Normans resulting approach English with French culture. (Now it seems things normal stuff like that but in the centuries before the era of William the Conqueror, umunmya cultural ties with France instead of Britain, but the northern parts of Europe). What is the diffusion of experienced English French culture and Anglo-Saxon would never happen without the stampede.

William introduced the English a more advanced form of feudalism. Norman kings, not as an Anglo-Saxon predecessors, supervise thousands of armed warrior-warrior, armed forces according to the measure of grace middle century. Norman people have ketetampilan rule and administration to rule England became one of the strong and effective governance in Europe.

Attractive due to the Norman conquest subsequent blessing is a new development of the English language. Thanks to that, there was the addition of new words into the English language, so many additions that occurred to crush modern English dictionary words derived from French and Latin, beyond words originating from the Anglo-Saxon. Even further than that, for three or four centuries immediately after the Norman Conquest English grammar is changing very rapidly, mostly tending towards moderation. Had the invasion not only the English language probably now just a little different to the German and Dutch junior. This is the only example of how big language will not be transformed as its present form without the later part of a personal quest. (It should be noted, now clear English is the leading language of the world).

Can also ditandaskan other consequences of the Norman Conquest of France itself. Around four centuries afterwards, there was a string of battles between the kings of England (which because of its origin from the Normans, owns land in France) with the kings of France. This is a real battle sequence from the Norman Conquest: before the year 1066 whose name was not there a war between England and France.

In many respects, similar to the British essentially all countries of the European continental landmass. Good on impulse and desire is as large government agencies demokratisnya blessing, English had a profound influence on other parts of your world, then completely wide of the size of his own country. Reach as far ditilik aspects of British political history due to the actions of William?

Historians disagree on just what the problem because modern democracy newborn baby born in Britain and not, say, in Germany. But, the culture and institutions of English is a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Norman, and is produced by mixing a result of the Norman conquest. On the other hand, it's quite difficult for me should give grossly in excess of the despotism William in connection with the growth of British democracy in subsequent times. Of course, there is the price of democracy in England in the centuries after William conquered.

William the Conqueror, when the battle of Hastings.
Ditilik of the size of Great Britain, the influence of William could become clear. Before the year 1066, Britain repeatedly suffered assorted stampede. After the year 1066, thus reverse the position and role. Thanks to centralized rule established strong sustainable and William and who continue to be maintained by the successor after him, as are the blessings of the source of funds that is dominated by military rule, the British never again touched people. Even then turn her tireless involved in military operations in other states. Therefore if the strength of European lumrahlah extensive other states, and when the English lumrahlah afford colonies have more districts rather than other European states anywhere.

Only incoherent, people can not tell merely by dint of William the Conqueror the occurrence of all the advanced developments in the history of English. But that is certainly and no doubt the Norman conquest is indirect factors arising from the incident afterward. Long-term influence of William by itself is enormous.

Conqueror race from Central Asia
Central Asia, a region in the interior of the Asian continent marginal, is conqueror nations resided. Here other Turkic race, there is also the Mongol tribes. They have traveled over thousands of years, conquered many great civilizations and (then) establish strong governments. The people of Central Asia known as the premier fighter. In the form of natural desert, steppes, and the hills, resulting in the community life of hunting, and fighting each other mutually. Some legendary military figure, as Jengis Khan (1162-1227), Timurlenk (1336-1405), Muhammad al-Fatih (1432-1481), and Muhammad Babur (1483-1530), born of this community group. Nations of Central Asia can be a major ethnic group today, who still live in nomadic way. A nomadic life, could potentially be a threat to the great civilizations sustainable.History has shown, that the nations of Central Asia are mighty, have devastated empire-great empire like the Roman, Byzantine, Abbasid, and Song China.
Ras Turkic

Turkic race is one of the two major racial occupant Central Asia. They are estimated to originate from the Altai Mountains, which then migrate to the west to reach the Ural Mountains and the Strait of Bosporus. Currently they do not total more than 200 million people. Several ethnic groups that belong to this race include: Uyghur, Tajik, Uzbek, Azeri, Kazakh, Turkmen, Tatar, Kirghiz, Bashkir, and Turkey. And included in it was the Huns, Bulgars, Khazars, and Timuriyah. Tribes today is a representation of the country of Tajikistan, Kirgiztan, Kazakhtan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Turkey.
Yet if we look to the past, people actually have many fine Turkic nations government, which even some of them become great empire. Hun tribe that resided along the river Volga, was the first Turkic people who established a great kingdom.Hunnic Empire is estimated to stand at 370 BC to the year 469. Under the leadership of Attila, the government is reaching its peak. Stretching from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea. Attila also commit aggression against other nations in the French and Italian Gothic. Though his campaign in the two countries have failed, but the attack was frustrate the Roman rulers.

600 years after the destruction of the Hun empire, race back Turkic wake length. Tughril (990-1063), which unites the soldier-patriots Turkmen tribes, establishing the Seljuk Dynasty in 1037. In the beginning of this dynasty just part of the Abbasid authority based in Baghdad. However Turkic people, work plays a key role in the government's military and political world, thus replacing the position of the Arabs and Persians began to wane. Then last Seljuk dynasty of Abbasid power and achieve success in the leadership summit Alp Arslan. In the year 1068, Arslan conquered Anatolia peninsula and force back the people of Byzantium into Eastern Europe. Arslan conquest turning point rise of Turkish and European nations setback for 600 years later. In the mid-12th century, the Seljuk dynasty from weakening. This is caused by the revolt of those mamluks Khwarezmi, which then continue to attack the Kurdish people from the Government Ayyubiyah.

Despite losing the Seljuk dynasty and divergent, some Turkish soldiers who did not want to give up, consolidate power.A majority of them are concentrated in the Anatolian peninsula. Osman Gazi, one of the descendants of Seljuk leader, establishing the Sultanate Osmaniyah (Ottoman or Ottoman) in 1299. Sultanate at peak time have ample territory, authorities on three continents, and have a very feared fighting force. Year 1453 was the first time! Osmaniyah Imperium success. At that time, Muhammad al-Fatih conquered Constantinople results thus open the door for the Turkish people to sweep the European mainland. Leadership to Suleiman "the Magnificent" (1494-1566), Osmaniyah was successfully controlled two-thirds of the European mainland, the whole region in West Asia and North Africa, as well as key cities around the Middle Sea. Not only that, Suleiman also successful in formulating regulations and laws based on Islam, and is still used by many countries to date. Imperium Osmaniyah suffered destruction at the beginning of the 20th century.Involvement in the First World War, a major factor bubarnya imperium that has been in power for 625 years.

If the west of the Turkish Seljuk dynasty succeeded in establishing and Imperium Osmaniyah, then in the eastern part of their developing Mughal Sultanate. Mughal founded by Muhammad Babur in 1526. This is a continuation of the Sultanate Timuriyah powerful dynasty in Iran in the 14th century to 16th century. In the early 16th century, Babur joint Turkish soldiers commit invasion of the northern region of India. They conquered Delhi Sultanate and the Sultanate of Bengal was established hundreds of years before.
time peaks reached during the reign of Mughal Muhammad Akbar (1542-1605). After conducting a series of conquests against a group of Hindu Rajputs, Akbar unite Muslims and Hindus to perform marriage between them. Akbar also allow development of the tradition of Zoroastrianism, Catholicism, and Jainism in the heart of the community. One of the important enough terobosannya is membebasan lease of Hindu society. This is one of those forms empatinya tertaklukkan.
Some historians say that Aurangzeb (1618-1707) is the most important Mughal sultan. He led for 49 years, capturing an area of 1.25 million km2, ruled nearly a quarter of the world's population, and successfully led the Mughal become one of the richest countries. Treasurer sultanate rule notes that the annual influx Aurangzeb reached £ 100 million, which comes from taxes, customs and land revenue in 24 provincial regions. Unlike his predecessors: Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan the liberal view, Aurangzeb actually is a conservative Muslim, who tried to restore the position of the Qur'an and hadist to place. As with Suleiman, they also formulate Islamic law into national law. It prohibits all forms of prostitution, alcohol, narcotics, and gambling. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire suffered a setback.Some territories had taken over the government of Maratha and finally by the British Empire.
Ras Mongol

Mongols are ethnic group and the steppes of the Gobi Desert in the north China. In the 7th century BC, they migrated to the northeast of China and formed civilization Donghu. Donghu is a confederation of Mongol people who live from berternak and cultivate crops. They also develop handicrafts made of bronze materials. In the year 209 BCE, Modu Chanyu (234 BC-174 BC) set up the Kingdom Xiongnu. Initially Modu menganeksasi Donghu, then it works, and make all the tribes and conquer territories travelers spacious enough. Even threaten Xiongnu Han Dynasty in the south, and forced the Chinese to build the great wall (Great Wall). During the peak of success, Xiongnu Empire stretched from Liao River in the east to the Pamir Mountains to the west. Or one and a half times larger than the current Mongolian territory.

Year 1206 represents a turning point for the rise of the Mongols. Jengis Khan (Temujin), a hunter and a member of the brilliant war, establishing the Mongol Empire (Mongol Empire). Under his reign they unite all the Mongol and Turkic nations, including in it the Chinese, Arabs, and Persians. Jengis is a powerful and genius, while also cruel and brutal character. In his campaign to many countries, it has killed millions of civilians, slaughter thousands of animals, and burning hundreds of buildings and agricultural land.
At first it unites the tribes Merkit, Naiman, Mongol, Kerait, Tatar, and Uyghur, around the Gobi Desert. Then he led a number of cavalry to attack the surrounding countries. During the 1206-1215 period, it conquered the Xia Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. Kuchlug grab the next three years and the Government of Kara-Khitans. In the year 1219, Jengis plan to dominate Khwarezmi Imperium. For that, it completed around 200,000 people march, that includes the best generals, and the generals son. Two years later, Urgench: Khwarezmi last frontier, it can be destroyed. But in the conquest, around 1.2 million people were killed while Urgench. The invasion is one of the worst tragedies in the history of mankind.

After Jengis Khan died, his position was replaced by his son: Ogedei Khan (1186-1241). But the leadership and the invasion speed Ogedei not comparable with the father. Kublai Khan (1215-1294), grandson of Jengis youngest son: Tolui, thus it has a better reputation. Kublai known as the founder of the Yuan Dynasty Chinese. He was a successful first Mongols conquered the whole mainland China. Not only that, it also successfully conquered Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, and separauh mainland Europe. Other than military expansion, Kublai also develop knowledge and art. Purportedly for his leadership, it has set up 20,166 public schools. After his death, the Mongol Empire detached retreat. Divided into four kingdoms: Chagatai, Kipchak, Ilkhanate, and Chinese Yuan. At the time of its peak, this empire dominate an area of 24 million km2 (16% of all land on earth), and rule 100 million people. Even though it only lasted 162 years, but this performance was the largest ever marshall carved by mankind.

Roman conquest of Britain
in the Roman conquest of Britain is a process performed by the Roman conquest of Britain. Conquest is a process that occurs in stages. Roman conquest Britain succeeded in effectively at 43 M under the emperor Claudius, who jenderalnya Aulus Plautius served as the first governor of Britain. However, Great Britain had previously often been the target of the invasion, the actual and planned, by the team of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.

Roman conquest of Britain
As with other districts at the end of empire, Britain enjoys diplomatic relations and trade with the Romans since the expedition of Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC. Economic and Roman culture also affect Britain follow. Roman influence is a key element at the end of the pre-Roman Iron Age in Britain, especially in the southern districts.

Between 55 BC and 40's M, the status quo in tribute, hostages, and client countries without direct military occupation, which was initiated by Caesar to the British Invasion, remain intact. Augustus complete invasion in 34 BC, 27 BC and 25 BC. The first and second canceled due to a rebellion in different regions of the empire, while the second race canceled because Britons seemed ready to make a deal work Gestae Based Res Augustus, two British kings, Dumnovellaunus and Tincomarus, went to Rome as the applicant at the time domain, and based on the work of Strabo's Geography, written during this period, Britain paid more in customs matters and tasks that can be drawn through the tax if the island ditaklukan.

However, by the 40's M political situation in Britain to be a nuisance. Catuvellauni replace Trinovantes as the most powerful state in southeastern Britain, and seize the Trinovantes capital, Camulodunum (Colchester). They also suppress their neighbors Atrebates, led by former ally of Julius Caesar, Commiu.

Konstatinopel conquest?
"Do you ever hear a city some of them are on the ground and some of them are in the sea? They (the companions) said: Messenger of Allah Ever. He SAW said: No doomsday happen, until it was attacked by 70,000 persons from Bani Ishaq. When they got there, then they would enter it. They are not fighting with guns and holding a single arrow. They just say Laa ilaha illallah Akbar Allah knows, they fall one part of the city. Said Tsaur (narrator hadith): I do not know but this is just to say that the team is at sea. Then the second time they say Laa ilaha illallah Allah knows Akbar, the fall also some other (land). Then they would say Laa ilaha illallah Allah knows Akbar, then terbukalah all parts of the city.So they entered it. When they are split-share gains came and someone (demon) while shouting: Verily Dajjal has come out. Then they leave everything and come back. "HR. Muslim, Kitabu'l Fitan wa Asyratus Sa'ah
In another narration it is mentioned that the Prophet was asked, "Which city conquered earlier, Konstantin or Rome?Then he saw said, "The city of Heraclius will be conquered first.
islampos.com-IN hadist above, it is clear that one of the signs of Allah's about the end of time is the conquest of Constantinople for the last time. After that, the state will return to the authority of Turkish Muslims to rising of the sun from the west.

When the conquest of Constantinople in the time of Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih Ottoman Caliphate era occurred late dreadful war, the mobilization of a large team that is supported by most modern war equipment of his time, not so the case with the conquest of Constantinople in the later end time occur in the era of priest Al-Mahdi. Post-conquest of Constantinople al-malhamah al-Kubra was the event beyond the human norm. This unique conquest performed by 70,000 Bani Ishaq, without using a sword and spear, especially heavy weapons. They only use the takbir and prayers, then terbukalah citadel of Constantinople. At a time when Al-Mahdi army gathers ghanimah middle, and suddenly there is a report that the Antichrist terbetik has emerged.

Who does Bani Ishaq in history on? The author of the end times defamation dissent about who does the Bani Ishaq.Some have mentioned that they were Romans who converted to Islam at the end of time, but some say that the children of Isaac, is a descendant of Al Aish bin Ishaq bin Ibrahim. This opinion was chosen by Al Hafidz Ibn Kathir.

Identify More Details About the Children Ishaq
To find out who the real children of Isaac, must menelaaah back the history books of ancient times, especially of Abraham course. As stated by Ibn Kathir, that is a descendant of Bani Ishaq Al-Aish bin Ishaq bin Ibrahim. So very confused person who mentions that the children of Isaac are the nation Rum or Jews who converted to Islam. For Rum race Prophet Ashfar mention them as children, some of them have converted to Islam at the time of Al-Mahdi, to make friends with their fellow Singaporeans be angry and want that the Muslims gave them back. But Muslims are not part of Bani Asfar submit to Islam was a race Rum. Bani Ishaq also not descendants of Israel. The reason is the Children of Israel after the Prophet Ishaq appearance.

Children of Prophet Ishaq mentioned as liberators Konstantin is a descendant Ish bin Ishaq bin Ibrahim. While the children of Israel are descendants of Jacob, son of Isaac, son of Abraham. They are the remnants of the Muslims from Medina are losing the battle against horrible Rum Race in Malhamah Kubra. They said this is what the Prophet as the team "will not be affected defamation lost forever or will not forever." So, very confused if they Bani Ishaq is a European nation embraced Islam and join the team of Al-Mahdi.

The most logical possibility is Ish's descendants then spread on the territory of Khurasan (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Iraq and Iran). They are the Muslims of Al-Mahdi when the news was coming soon and to help him celebrate.They are black-flagged team (ashhabu rayati Suud) that membai'at Al-Mahdi and become followers. Prior to the conquest of Constantine, they are Muslims who regularly join Al-Mahdi in all subjection, including the occupation of the Arab peninsula.
Followers of Al-Mahdi is not only from ashhabu rayati suud, many other Muslims who also joined in the early appearance. But over the course of time, some of them are not willing to endure to live with Al-Mahdi, because the weight of jihad should be undertaken. Crystallization peak force Al-Mahdi is in the event of war in A'maq Malhamah and Dabiq Kubra, where 1/3 team Al-Mahdi and backward apostasy wars, 1/3 teams get shahada, and the rest are 1/3 the team. Waste team that continues to survive with Al-Mahdi in the next battle. Total third team mentioned that by the Prophet as the best human life. They come from the city of Medina. However, they are not the original people of Madinah, they are Muslims who came from the East (Khurasan). In the conquest of Arabian Peninsula, they continually seek victory, until finally for a while they lived in Medina.

So the children of Isaac are the people of Medina / population loyal accompany Hijaz Al-Mahdi since they memba'iatnya. They are the owners of the black flags coming from Khurasan to reinforce the authority of Al-Mahdi and then set free the Arabian Peninsula in it for some time. Between them they soon conquered the city of Constantinople with 70,000 troops.
nash There are some who hinted that case, where the population of Khorasan (Persia) will soon replace those original Medina. They will achieve what is promised by the Prophet to them. Did not he once said: 'If knowledge (religion) was in star Tsuraya, He will reach out the people of the Persian descent. "

Predicted that the Arab population will be replaced by other nations mentioned by the Prophet in some narrations, among them as mentioned by Imam Tirmidhi in Al Miskat:
When the verse 38 Surah Muhammad, "If ye turn back (from the Path), He (Allah ) would replace (you) with other people, and they will not like you ", then some companions asked," O Messenger of Allah, if we turn away, who will take the place (position) we? "He put his hands full of blessings to on the shoulders of Salman al-Farisi and said, "He and his people (who will replace you). By Him Who has my soul in His grip, if religion was scattered in 'Tsurayya', then part of the Persian people will find it and hold it. "

In the above history, companions worried after falling Surah Muhammad verse 38. They worry if replaced by other races. As a result, his companions asked the Prophet "When we replaced the other races, who are they, O Messenger of Allah?" So, the Prophet said, "Some people of Persia." Nash on a show that will replace a significant number of Arabs are Persian, not all Persia . Iran could be Persian, or Afghan or Persian Persian Persian Pakistan or Kashmir. Allah knows' nature
is they who will replace the position of the Arabs in the peninsula, until eventually they become best population on earth that comes from Medina. Through their hands Rum defeated and conquered Constantine.
When this event occurred?

Likely that the event takes place at the time of Al-Mahdi, where the appearance of Al-Mahdi is when men disagree and dispute, the condition of Muslims in general in disgrace and continue didzalimi peak. While the Arab world thus lulled the luxuries of life and abundant because of their wealth. Religion has a lot left and they are charged to ward western nations.
Consequently, God replace them with other people who are not like them. Based on the hadith is, then the people of Arab descent in the peninsula will be replaced by parts of the Persian position (odds are some of the people from the province of Khorasan Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir and Iraq). This will happen on his Al-Mahdi. As described in the hadith Ashabu Rayati Suud, the Prophet said, "Will to fight alongside three perbendaharaanmu. They all are the son of the Caliph. But, none of them are successful by ourselves. Then came the black flags from the East, then they fight you (Arabs) with a war that has not been experienced by the people before. So if you see berbaiatlah even with crawling on the snow, because he is God's caliph al-Mahdi. "(Narrated by HR. Ibn Majah: Kitabu'l Fitan Khurujil Mahdi Chapter no. 4,074)

So, the children of Isaac are the Persian (Khorasan). Imam Nawawi in syarahnya about 70 thousand children of Isaac argues that, "The people (Pharisees) Persians are the ones in question with descendants of Isaac". Masoudi, in his book entitled Muruj WINNOWING Dzahab argues, "People who understand strips descendant of the Arabs and the hukama determined that the origin of the Persians was the son of Isaac and the descendants of Abraham.

Islamic conquests (632-732),
(Arabic:, al-Fatu? at al-Islamiyya) also refers to the occupation of Muslim or Arab conquest, [1] on the non-Arabs began after Muhammad's death. He set up a new unity in the Arabian Peninsula, followed by Khulafa al-Rashidun and Umayyad government quickly see the power of Muslim expansion.
they grow beyond the Arabian Peninsula and formed the Islamic empire that affect vast territory from the borders of China and the Indian subcontinent, across Central Asia, Middle East, North Africa, Sicily, and the Iberian Peninsula until the Pyrenees range. Renowned historian, Edward Gibbon wrote in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ("History of Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"):
Under the last Umayyad ruler, the Arab empire expanded as far as two hundred days' journey from east to west, from Tartary and India to the Atlantic Ocean coast. And if we "cut sleeve tunic" [short story], as dictated by their authors, long and narrow territory caravan traveled. We search in vain strong unions and government acquiescence Augustus and Antony, but the advance of Islam pervades this vast region with similar manners and opinions. Language and the laws of the Qur'an explored with similar persistence either Samarkand or in Seville: the Moor and India embraced as fellow countryman and his friends while they do worship Hajidi Makkah, and the Arabic language is taken as a popular spoken language in all provinces west [river] Tigris.

Muslim conquest led to the fall of the Empire and the loss of large areas of Sasan for the Byzantine Empire. Causal success in rebuild Muslim difficult in retrospect, especially because there are only fragments of the reference period who remain. Many other historians believe that the Roman Byzantine empire fatigue Sasan and military and economic terms after fighting each other for a few decades. Causal rapid fall Visigoths in Hispania government was still difficult to understand.
Jews and Christians in Persia and Jews and followers of Jacob Shariat (Monophysite) in Syria was not happy and sometimes welcomed the Muslims as religious pergesaran both empire. [2] In the case of Byzantine Egypt, Palestine and Syria, the only new territories conquered back from the Persians (Sasan) and Byzantines ruled for more than 25 years.

Historian Fred McGraw Donner, however, suggest that the main reasons for al-Rashidun army able to establish a large empire in about 100 years is the establishment of a country in the Arabian peninsula, the union ideology (ie, religion) and mobilization. Estimate the size of the Muslim empire in the time of Caliph describe it more than 13 million square kilometers (five million square miles), larger than all of the modern state except Russia.

Russian conquest of Siberia occurred in the 16th century, when the Siberian Khanate ditaklukan by Russia.
conquest of Siberia began in July 1580, when around 540 under the leadership of Cossack Yermak Timofeyevich Vogul raided. Russia managed to reach past Lake Baikal and the Amur River and the Sea of Okhotsk. But they reached the border sino enemy armed with artillery, until they attack hampered.

Russia reached the Pacific Ocean in 1639. After the conquest of the Siberian Khanate, the entire North Asia - regions wider than Khanate - known as Siberia and eastern borders of 1640 in Russia was widespread until more than a few million square kilometers. Many modern cities of Russia in Western Siberia erected, such as Tyumen and Tobolsk.

11. Muslim conquest of Syria occurred in the first half of the 7th century. [1], in which this region was previously known by other names such as Bilad al-Sham, the Levant, or Syria Prosecutor. Actually the Muslims already in the southern border a few years before the Prophet Muhammad died in 632 M, as Mu'tah battle occurred in 629 M, but indeed a new conquest began in 634 M under the command of the Caliph Abu Bakr and Umar bin Khattab , with Khalid bin Walid as its commander. [1]

Byzantine Syria

Eastern Syria under Roman rule for seven centuries before Islam came, was also in the invasion several times by the Persian Sassanian Empire that is in the 3rd century, 6 and 7; Syria also Sassanian target ally attacks, Lakhmids [2]. This region is referred to by Byzantine Iudaea Province. During the Roman-Persian war of last resort, which began in the year 603, the Persian forces under the leadership Khisra II successfully occupy Syria, Palestine and Egypt for more than a decade before finally got beaten and forced backward by Heraclius peace and withdraw from the territories they control on In 628 M. So, at the time of Islam's war against the Romans in fact they are laying out back territory that could disappear for about 20 year.

Conquest during the reign of Caliph Umar bin Khattab
Islamic province in 622-750 AD
| | Extension region at the time of the Prophet Muhammad, 622-632
| | Extension region in the Rashidun, 632-661
| | Extension region at the time of the Umayyads, 661 -750

The first territory was conquered Damascus in 635 M, and Jerusalem in the year 637 AD led by Khalid ibn al-Walid commander during the reign of Caliph Umar bin Khattab.
At Damascus handed into the hands of Islam, assured residents that it is safe (property, life, even the church) with the condition that they would like to pay tribute or jizyah.

The establishment Heraclius could make backward Muslims from Jerusalem and Damascus, but only for a moment because the Roman team successfully crushed at the battle of Yarmuk (636 M.). Finally this works both territories snapped back in 640 AD thus marking the completion of the conquest of Syria in total.
Caliph Umar Syrian split into 4 huge districts namely Damascus, Hims, Jordan, and Palestine (then added another Kinnasrin district). It also ordered the entire army of Muslims to remain in the military barracks, to local community life is not interrupted and running as usual.
Numerous Arab tribes who had long lived in Syria finally turned to Islam and Ghassan tribe. Khalif also apply religious tolerance to give a positive image of the Nestorian Christian religions, Christian and Jewish Yacobite which time they persecuted the Roman dominion. This is what is considered to be the cornerstone of the Islamic government-coming as well as organize their territory governments also avoid excessive tribute collection moreover accompanied coercion.Zakat applicable to farmers only in accordance with the results panennya, jizya collected from residents who are unbelievers in return for government protection guarantee and release from conscription.

Caliph Umar also create a buffer zone around the Arab peninsula (the birthplace of Islam), and after Syria, located in the west fell into the hands of the Muslims, the Muslims can focus towards the eastern provinces to conquer the Persian Sassanian Empire. After the Persians fell into the hands of the Muslims they then focus back to the Byzantine provinces, Aegiptus.
[edit] Conquest during the reign of Caliph Ustman bin Affan

Caliph Ustman not expand territory at the time of Umar Islam, but his forces to resist the efforts focused Byzantine to take back their territory in North Africa.
During the year 639 AD Caliph Mu'awiyah ordered his (who is also her cousin) as the governor of Syria to make a first Muslim navy to keep the waters of the Mediterranean from Byzantine warships attack. Thanks to this marine formation Islamic finally able to conquer the island of Cyprus in the year 649 AD

Umayyad conquest in the
Mu'awiyah made Damascus a provincial power base to spread Islam when he became caliph in 660 M. It is noted as the first Umayyad caliph who led the children of the Islamic caliphate in the center of Damascus as Syria and made his capital to survive to the next century.

Regards,
Dwi Hartoyo, SP

umroh

Senin, 04 Februari 2013

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