MUSHROOM AND FACTS ABOUT THE FACTS OF MUSHROOMS

Mushrooms or fungi are plants that have no chlorophyll so bersifatheterotrof. There are unicellular fungi and multiseluler.Tubuhnya consists of threads called hifa.Hifa can form that woven branches disebutmiselium.Reproduksi fungi, there is a way there is also a carageneratif vegetative. Mushrooms absorb organic substances from the environment through the hyphae and mycelium to obtain makanannya.Setelah it, store it in the form of glikogen.Jamur a consumer, and therefore depends on the substrate fungus menyediakankarbohidrat, protein, vitamins, and chemicals were obtained substances lainnya.Semua lingkungannya.Sebagai being heterotrophic, obligate parasitic fungi can, facultative parasite, or saprophyte. How to live the other is doing symbiotic fungi that live symbiotically mutualisme.Jamur, in addition to absorbing food from other organisms also produce certain substances that are beneficial to simbionnya.Simbiosis fungus mutualism with plants can be seen in mycorrhiza, the fungus that lives in the roots of legumes or on liken.Jamur berhabitat on bermacammacam environment and associated with many organisme.Meskipun most live on land, there are several fungi that live in water and are associated with air.Jamur organisms that live in water are usually parasite or saprophyte, and most of the class Oomycetes.

Laymen know most of the members of Fungi as mushrooms, molds, yeasts, or yeast, although often in question is outside the visible appearance, not their own species. Difficulties in identifying fungi somewhat due to the rotation of descent that has a completely different appearance (remember metamorphosis in insects or frogs). Fungi reproduce secaraseksual and asexual. Sexual Propagation way: two of fungal hyphae fuse and form a zygote different then the zygote grows into fruiting bodies, whereas asexual reproduction by forming spores, budding or fragmentation of hyphae. Mushrooms have a box called a sporangium spores. Inside there sporangium spores. Examples of fungi that form spores are Rhizopus. An example is the budding yeast Saccharomyces forming. Fungal hyphae can terpurus and each fragment can grow into fruiting bodies. Ilmuyang studied fungi is called mycology 

Clockwise from top left: Amanita muscaria, basidiomycete kind; Sarcoscypha coccinea, similar ascomycete; bread covered with mildew; kind chytrid; Aspergillus, a type of conidiophore.

We have known mushroom in their daily lives although not as good as other plants. That's because the fungus grows only at certain times, on certain conditions that support, and long life are limited. For example, mushrooms are appearing in the rainy season in the rotten wood, litter, and the haystack. however, this fungus die soon after the dry season arrives. Along with the development of science and technology, man has been able to cultivate mushrooms in an artificial medium, such as mushroom, oyster mushrooms, and oyster mushrooms.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI 
Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms that make up the world Regnum mushrooms or fungi. Generally multicellular fungi (multicellular). The characteristics of different fungal organisms in terms of eating, body structure, growth, and reproduction.

How to Eat and Habitat Mushroom
All fungi are heterotrophic. However, unlike other organisms, fungi do not eat and digest food. Clntuk obtain food, fungi absorb organic substances from the environment through the hyphae and mycelium, then store it in the form of glycogen.Because mold is a fungus that consumers rely on the substrate that provides carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and other chemical compounds. All substances were obtained from the environment. As being heterotrophic, obligate parasitic fungi can, facultative parasite, or saprophyte. See Figure 5.3.

a. Obligate parasites 
is a fungus that only nature can live in the host, while outside its host can not live. For example, Pneumocystis carinii (yeast that infects the lungs of people with AIDS).

b. Facultative parasites 
are parasitic fungi that if you get a suitable host, but is saprophyte if not get a suitable host.

c. Saprophyte 
is a fungal rot and modifiers composition of dead organic matter. Saprophyte fungi absorb food from dead organisms such as fallen timber and fruit fall. Most fungal saprophyte removed a hydrolase enzyme on the substrate food to decompose complex molecules into simpler molecules that
are easily absorbed by the hyphae. In addition, the hyphae can also directly absorb organic bahanbahan simple form issued by the host.

The way of life is to do other fungal symbiosis mutualism. Fungi that live in symbiosis, in addition to absorbing food from other organisms also produce certain substances that are beneficial to simbionnya. Symbiotic fungus mutualism with plants can be seen padamikoriza, the fungus that lives in the roots of legumes or on the lichen. Mushrooms berhabitat on bermacammacam environment and associated with many organisms. Although most live on land, there are several fungi that live in water and are associated with aquatic organisms. Fungi that live in water are usually parasite or saprophyte, and most of the class Oomycetes.

Growth and Reproduction
Reproduction fungi can sexually (generative) and asexual (vegetative). Asexually, fungi produce spores. Mold spores vary in size and shape and usually unicellular, but those that are multicellular. If suitable habitat conditions, fungi reproduce by producing large numbers of asexual spores. Asexual spores can be carried by water or wind. When you get a match, the spores will germinate and grow into mature mushrooms. Sexual reproduction in fungi through contact gametangiumdan conjugation. Contact gametangium resulted singami, ie the union of cells from two individuals. Singami occurs in two stages, the first stage is plasmogami (cytoplasmic fusion) and the second stage is kariogami (fusion of nuclei). After plasmogami occurs, the cell nucleus from each parent but does not fuse together and form dikarion. Couple nucleus in cells or mycelium dikarion will split within the next few months to several years. Finally cell nuclei fuse to form a diploid cell immediately meiotic division.

Mushroom Role
The role of fungi in human life very much, good role and a favorable adverse. Beneficial fungi include various types are as follows. 
a. Volvariella volvacea (straw mushroom) is useful as a high-protein food.
b. Rhizopus and Mucor useful in the food industry, namely in making tempeh and oncom. 
c. Saccharomyces yeasts in industrial fermenters useful as cheese, bread, and beer. 
d. Penicillium notatum is useful for producing antibiotics. 
e. Higroporus and Lycoperdon perlatum useful as decomposers.

In addition to a favorable role, some fungi also have a detrimental role, among others, as follows.
a. Phytium as pest plant seeds that cause damping-off disease. 
b. Phythophthora inf'estan cause disease in potato plant leaves. 
c. Saprolegnia as a parasite on the body of water organisms. 
d. Albugo is a parasite on agricultural crops. 
e. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia causes disease in the human lung. 
f. Candida sp. cause of vaginal discharge and ulcers in humans.

How to distinguish poisonous mushroom or
mushroom is safe to eat Some people even some considered efficacious drugs, such as mushroom (Volvariela volvacea), oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus), ear fungus (Auricularia polytricha), or champignon button mushroom (Agaricus campestris) and fungi Shiitake (Lentinus edulis). Poisonous mushroom Amanita muscaria example is, and fungi that are known as the "destroying angel".

The characteristics of Poisonous Mushrooms

• Poisonous fungi generally have striking colors: red-blood-jet black, dark blue, or other colors. Although there are types of toxic mold that has a light color (light yellow) or white, and edible mushrooms, dark, dark-brown example.
• Types of toxic mold that can produce offensive odors, smells like rotten eggs or ammonia odor.
• Types of toxic mold has a ring or cup. Although there are opposite, like-straw mushrooms and mushroom compost have the cup has a ring, but not toxic.
• Types of poisonous mushrooms are generally grown in a dirty place: landfills, sewage cage, and so on. Although for the establishment and maintenance of mushroom compost used dirt instead stables / horse manure.
• If the types of poisonous mushrooms cut off by a knife made of silver, or a regular knife and then cut off by a silver objects brought close to the cutouts before, then the object formed silver black or blue, it indicates that the mushroom is poisonous.
• Types of toxic mold quickly change color, eg from white to dark colors, when cooked or heated.
• There is a hereditary habit among farmers in the village to determine if toxic mold or not, by the way memepes mushrooms with white rice. If the color of the rice then changed to a darker color, indicating that the kind of poisonous mushrooms.

So be careful before eating mushrooms that you find home kitchen garden or in the wild.

FOLLOWING FACTS unique facts about FUNGUS

1. Mushrooms Can Lights in the DarkPeople who do not know might initially think this would be like a ghost. Certain fungi, which of course live in damp places, can fluoresce in kegelapan.Beberapa type of fungus that grows in the tropical forests of National Park of Ribeira Valley, near Sao Pulo, Brazil fluoresces when the surrounding darkness. The mushrooms are bioluminescent ability due to chemical reactions in the body produces light green.

Fungus found in Brazil was included in the genus Mycena. Around the world there are about 500 species of fungi that goes into this genus, but only 33 percent have bioluminescent capabilities.

There are more than 10 species of bioluminescent fungus newly found in Brazil since 2002, four of which are previously unknown species. This finding is the result of research conducted Cassius Stevani, professor of chemistry at the University of Sao Paulo, Dennis Desjardin, professor of mycology from California State University San Francisco, and Marina Capelari of the Institute of Botany Brazil.

"This discovery has increased the number of fluorescent mushrooms, known since the 1970s, to 30 percent more," said Stevani

2. Mushrooms Make Ophiocordyceps unilateralist Zombie Ants As
scientists discovered a type of fungus that may have invaded the body wood ants (Camponotus Leonardi) and control their behavior for 48 million years terakhir.Sebuah parasitic fungus called Ophiocordyceps unilateralist proven deliberately infect ants because the ants -ants reside in plants and trees to be used also by fungi.

Once the fungus invades the body of an ant, he then instructed the insects to bite the bottom of the leaf, right in the veins.Then, when the ants are in an optimal location, fungus then grows rapidly throughout the body semut.Akhirnya fungus kills the ants 'zombie' whose behavior is controlled as he got ready to spread new spores.

"When the ants are under control of the fungus, the ant leaves a clear mark called 'bite death' in the leaves," said David Hughes, researchers from Harvard University, was quoted as saying of the Unexplained-Mysteries.

Ants are controlled, Hughes said, biting right at the plant vessels in search of an optimal point for the growth jamur.Dari research, Hughes found that the bite is exactly the same leaf fossils are 48 million years old. These findings make it sure that the fungus has been manufacturing practice ants 'zombie' long before humans appeared on Earth.

"We believe that the fungus controls the ants when the ants thought it made the bite marks on the leaves," said Hughes."The reason is not normal for ants to bite the leaf veins just because of the action it had no nutritional value for them," he said.

In fact, Hughes said, the ants, biting right on vascular plant species because it is very dangerous toxic

3. Form a Unique Form of Mushrooms
Mushrooms are fruiting bodies that are visible on the surface of the growing medium from a group of fungi (Basidiomycota) shaped like an umbrella, consists of an upright (trunk), and part of the flat or rounded.

Biological Technically, this is called basidium fruiting bodies. Some mushroom is safe to eat humans even some considered medicinal, and others poisonous. Mildew is a whole part of the fungi, fruit bodies, and the nets below the soil surface or media mycelia composed of bundles of hyphae. Fungus is another name for the fungus. The meaning of this example can be seen in the phrase "bread is moldy 'which means that the" bread mold has grown. " 

 

4. Actually Facts about Fungi

Mushrooms are easy enough food to be combined in any cuisine. Campbell's mushroom soup is the most widely consumed throughout the world after the tomato soup. While the mushroom topping pizza and ranked second after Peperoni Pizza! But you know the real facts about mold:

1. Fungi consist of 90 percent water
2. The French have bred mushroom Agaricus species for 200 years, while the Japanese cultivate shiitake over 2000 years old.
3. The number of mushroom varieties that have been bred in this world is as much as 2500 species.
4. There are as many as 16 million spores inside each mushroom
5. The mushrooms in Finland believed to still contain residues of dangerous Cesium-137 the rest of the Chernobyl tragedy in 1986
6. Curious what the price of the most expensive mushroom in the world? An anonymous buyer in Hong Kong are willing to spend U.S. $ 112 000 ($ 1 billion) for a 2.5-pound white truffle. 
7. Mushrooms have no chlorophyll so it can not photosynthesize to make food. Most fungi live as a parasite or saprophyte by eating dead creatures using its roots as a means of suction. And this is also one of the things that distinguishes fungi with plants.
8. There are more than 60 types of fungi that can show bioluminescience phenomenon, namely the phenomenon of light emission by a body of the fungus.
9. There are two general types of fungi are microscopic fungi and mushrooms macroscopically.
   >> microscopic fungus is a fungus that is very small and is usually shaped like threads called hyphae or with a diameter of 2-10 micrometers. Structure of stitching hyphae is called the mycelium.
   >> macroscopic fungi are fungi that are relatively large and can be seen with the naked eye. Example: Mushrooms usual you eat.
10. Fungi are organisms in the world. One of them Armillaria ostoyae in Oregon which has an area of ​​up to 8.9 km2 in the basement with a lifespan of more than 24 centuries. Estimated to weigh 600 tons.

But what must be remembered, mushroom and truffle are two different things. Therefore, fungi matsusake still holds the record of the world's most expensive (up to $ 2,000 per kilogram).

5. Mushrooms for Health Benefits
While not having attractive color, but the petite is capable of delivering stunning reputation in the eyes of the dietitian.Researchers from Tufts University found the fungus was able to fend off all the viruses and cancer in mice, by increasing the activity of killer cells in the immune system.

Researchers find bioactive compounds in mushrooms allegedly had a role as an antioxidant that is ready to kill the diseases caused by free radicals. Some types of fungi tested have proved this. For example, reishi and shiitake mushrooms tyrants are able to suppress the rate of cancer and turn it off.

As released RodaleNews, further research is necessary to mold to see the best combination and the right composition to fight disease. Because, in the mushroom extract is prescribed for this, showing a good development of the patients taking them.

A drug test conducted on the various compounds containing mushroom extracts demonstrate, there is cessation of spread of breast cancer cells and prostate cancer cells.

Meanwhile, the content of AHCC (active hexose correlated compound) derived from shiitake mushrooms can be used to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. In addition, these compounds are useful as well to repel the flu virus. Thus, the fungus has a great opportunity to herbal medicines that can be accounted for.

Regards, Dwi Hartoyo, SP

REFERENCES
1. http://www.beritaunik.net/unik-aneh/jamur-yang-bisa-menyala-dalam-gelap.html
2.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi
4. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur
5. http://www.whooila.com/2010/10/beragam-bentuk-jamur-unik-yang-jarang.html
6. http://food.ghiboo.com/fakta-seputar-jamur