FRENCH REVOLUTION

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The French Revolution was a period in French history between the years 1789 and 1799 in which the democrats and supporters of republicanism impose absolute monarchy in France and forced the Roman Catholic Church underwent a radical restructuring. French Revolution, a major transformation in the political system and society of France, occurred in the period 1789-1799. During the revolution, in France a massive transformation. Of absolute monarchy, where the king had absolute power, became an independent republic, where the people have the power and limits on government power.

Though France would then switch the system between the republic, empire, and monarchy for 1 month after the French First Republic fell in a coup carried out by Napoleon Bonaparte, the revolution is clearly an end to the Old Regime (refer to power as Valois and Bourbon dynasties) and becomes more important than the subsequent revolutions that occurred in France.

The state of Europe before the French RevolutionOne of the teachings of the influential in Europe before the French Revolution is the teachings of Niccolo Machiavelli. His teachings support the king's absolute power. He writes in his book II Principe (The Prince or the meaning of the King).Described in his book about the power of an absolute monarch with unlimited power against a State, including property and the people residing in the territory. Machiavelli's doctrine evolved in Europe around the 17th century and adopted by the kings of Europe as King Frederick II, Tsar Peter the Great, Emperor Joseph II, King Charles I and Louis the kings of France.

The situation before the French Revolution society was divided into four groups:

• Group 1 is the king and the nobles, have the privilege and duty free
• Group II, namely the priests, monks / nuns
• Namely the bourgeois class III (class of entrepreneurs and educated), which burdened the various taxes
• Group IV is the masses who are considered not to have personal rights as human

King Frederick II (1740-1786) of Prussia
in the effort to build an unlimited power, King Frederick II to promote and strengthen the Kingdom of Prussia to become a powerful empire in Germany. Bismarck Politics is a Blood and Iron (Blut und Eisen Druch), which seeks to advance the country by building a massive industry and also matched by the development of a strong army.

Tsar Peter the Great (1689-1727) from Russia
with full power in his hands, Tsar Peter the Great sought to advance the Russian Empire through several ways, including bringing technicians from several countries to establish industries in Russia such as: boat industry , weapons, and build up the fleet in an attempt to strengthen his country. Political Tsar Peter the Great, the famous Hot Water Politics. Warm Water politics is politics to look for ports that do not freeze in winter. With this political hot water Tsar Peter built a new city on the Baltic sea, named ST. Petersburg. Then this city as the capital of the kingdom dijadika Russia, and after the Russian revolution of 1917 the city was renamed Leningrad.

King Charles I (1625 - 1649) of the British
King Charles I to establish absolute power in his country, but the king's efforts received a great challenge of parliament under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. English eventually changed to the Republic by Cromwell as the head of the country and holds a Lord Protector. Actions taken by Cromwell is as follows:

• King Charles I was executed.
• Britain changed to the Republic (1649-1660)
• Himself as head of state.

In the subsequent development of increasingly more powerful parliamentary power and in 1689 succeeded in forcing the parliament to sign the charter of Queen Merry Bill of Rights (the Charter of Rights). Bill of Rights event is a tremendous change without bloodshed and fundamental to the results of a brilliant, so it is often called the Glorious Revolution (the revolution the supreme).

The emergence of the French Revolution Causes
Many factors led to this revolution. One of them is because of the attitude of the old order is too rigid in the face of a changing world. Other causes are due to the growing ambition and influenced by Enlightenment ideas of the bourgeoisie, the peasants, workers, and individuals of all classes who have been hurt. While the revolution took place and the power shift from monarchy to legislative bodies, the conflicting interests of groups previously allied to it later became a source of conflict and bloodshed. Special causes of the French revolution was a waste of money because of the country conducted by the consort of King Louis XVI Marie Antoinette with the daughters of other palaces. Water mark of the situation is an attack on the Bastille on 14 July 1789. This prison is a symbol of power and tyranny of kings Louis.

Is the motto of the French Revolution Liberte (Liberty = freedom), Egalite (Equality = equality), Fraternite (fraternity = brotherhood). French national anthem La Marseillaise and the date is July 14 is celebrated as a national day of France.

The causes of the French Revolution include the following:

• Anger against royal absolutism.
• Rage against the system seigneurialisme among the peasants, workers, and, to some extent, the bourgeoisie.
• The rise of Enlightenment ideas
• The national debt is out of control, which is caused and exacerbated by a tax system that is not balanced.
• Bad economic situation, partly due to the involvement of France and the help of the American Revolution.
• Scarcity of food in the months before the revolution.
• Rage against the privileges of the nobility and dominance in public life by the ambitious professional classes.
• Hatred against religious intolerance.
• Failure of Louis XVI to deal with these symptoms effectively.

In the economic field, the Minister Jean Baptiste Colbert (1622-1683) huge merit in carrying out economic politics Mercantilism. So its time is often referred to as the Colbertisme. All obligations of trade and economy regulated by the government in order to gain an advantage in very large quantities. In the reign of King Louis XIV (1643-1715) French absolutism of power reached its peak. As evidenced by several measures taken by King Louis XIV in his reign, including: Breaking the strongholds of the Calvinists who are small states within the French kingdom. Abolishing the rule of the feudal nobility and vassal kings, so they live to be landlords. Function and role of people's representative institution was abolished in pemerintaha King Louis XIV.

Proto-revolutionary activity started when the French king Louis XVI (reigned 1774-1792) faced a funding crisis of the kingdom. French royal family, which is financially the same as the French state, has a large debt. During the reign of Louis XV (1715-1774) and Louis XVI several ministers, including Turgot (Comptroller General from 1774 to 1776) and Jacques Necker (Director-General of Finance from 1777 to 1781), proposes that the French tax system more uniform, but failed. It measures a constant challenge of parliament (law courts), which is dominated by "The Duke", who think of themselves as national guards against arbitrary government, and also of the court factions. As a result, the two ministers were eventually dismissed. Charles Alexandre de Calonne, the Controller General of Finance in 1783, developing a spending strategy that opens the way to convince potential lenders about the confidence and financial stability of France.

The characteristics of the reign of King Louis XIV is as follows:

1. Govern without laws
2. Govern without the legislature
3. Govern without legal certainty
4. Govern without a definite budget
5. Limited by rules without any power.
6. King Louis XIV famously said "L'etat c'est moi" (the state is i) which is an enduring slogan that describes how an absolute king of the most successful area of ​​Europe at that time.

However, after Callone to review in depth the financial situation of France, determined that it is not possible, and therefore he proposed a uniform land tax as a way to fix the French finances in the long run. In the short term, he hopes that the support of the elected Council Leading The king will mengemalikan belief in the French finances, and can provide loans to property taxes began to give the results and possible repayment of debt.

Although Callone convince the king of the importance of renewal, the Board of The Leading refused to support his policy, and insisted that the only institution truly representative, should the Estates-General (the representatives of the various classes of) the kingdom, to approve a new tax. King, who saw that would Callone menjapada problem for him, fired and replaced by Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse, who was the leader of the opposition in the House. Brienne now adopted a comprehensive reform, providing a variety of civil rights (including freedom of worship to the Protestants), and the promised establishment of Etats-Généraux in five years, but it also tries to continue ssementara Calonne plan. When these measures challenged in the Parlement of Paris (in part because King is not wise), Brienne began to attack, trying to disperse throughout the "parliament" and collect new taxes without a care for them. This led to the rise of mass resistance in many parts of France, including the "Day of the Tiles" in Grenoble famous.More importantly, chaos across France convinced the short-term creditors. French Finance is very dependent on them to maintain daily activities to draw their loans, causing the country nearly bankrupt, and forced Louis and Brienne to surrender.

The king agreed on August 8, 1788 to collect the Estates-General in May 1789 for the first time since 1614. Brienne resigned on August 25, 1788, and Necker back in charge of the national finances. He used his position is not to propose new reforms, but to prepare for the meeting of national representatives.

History of the 
Etats-Généraux 1789
Etats-Généraux formation led to the development concerns of the opposition that the government would try to go around as he wishes to form a Council. To avoid this, the Parlement of Paris, after returning to town with the victory, announcing that the Etats-Généraux to be established in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the previous meeting. While it seems the politicians do not understand "the provisions of 1614" when they made ​​this decision, it is generating excitement.1614 Estates consists of an equal number of representatives from each group and conducted by the polling sequence, the first group (the clergy), Second Team (the nobles), and the third group (others), each getting one vote.

Soon after, the "Committee of Thirty", a body composed of liberal Parisians, began to agitate against it, demanding that the three groups and voting was duplicated per head (as was done in a variety of regional councils). Necker, who speaks for the government, further acknowledge that Third Group should be doubled, but the issue of a vote per head should be left to its own Etats meeting. But the anger generated by the dispute was still deep, and pamphlets, such as writing Abbé Sieyès Is The Third is it? which argues that the orders that have special privileges are parasites, and the third group is the nation itself, makes the anger remains.

When the Etats-Généraux meet in Versailles on May 5, 1789, long speeches by Necker and Lamoignon, in charge of storing the seal, not much help to provide guidance to the representatives, who returned to a separate meeting places to prove the credentials of the panggotanya. The question of whether the vote will eventually be done by the head or taken from any order once again ruled out for a while, but the third group is now demanding that the credentials proving itself to be done as a group. However, negotiations with other groups to achieve this does not work, because most of the clergy and the nobility continued to support the vote represented by each order.

The National Assembly
On May 28, 1789, Romo Sieyès moved that the Third Estate, now meeting as the Communes (Indonesian: "Commons"), to start proving its own powers and invite two other estate to take part, but not to wait for them. They begin to do so, completing the process on June 17. So they proposed a much more radical step, declare themselves the National Assembly, an assembly not of the estate, but from "the people". They invited other groups to join them, but then it seems clear that they are likely to lead foreign affairs with or without them.

Louis XVI closed the Salle des Etats, where the assembly met. Assembly meeting to move the tennis courts king, where they start saying they Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789), in which they agreed not to split up to give a constitution to France. The majority of representatives of the clergy soon joined them, as did 57 members of the nobility. From June 27 the royal collection was given up to the birth, although the military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles. Messages of support for the assembly to flow from Paris and other cities in France. On July 9, the assembly was reorganized as the National Constituent Assembly.

Incursion into the Bastille
On July 11, 1789, King Louis, who acted under the influence of the conservative nobles generally privy council, as did the queen Marie Antoinette, the Comte d'Artois and his brother, throwing reformist minister Necker and reconstruct the ministry as a whole. Most of the people of Paris, who thinks this is the start of the royal coup, helped to open melee.Several audience members to join the military, the other remains neutral.

On July 14, 1789, after a four-hour battle, the mass occupied the Bastille prison, killing the governor, Marquis Bernard de Launay, and several bodyguards. Although the people of Paris freed only 7 prisoners; four forgers, two lunatics, and a dangerous sex offenders, the potential for the Bastille became a symbol of the hated everything in the ancien régime. Back to the Hôtel de Ville (city hall), the mass of charged prévôt des marchands (as mayor) Jacques de Flesselles of treason; murder happened on the way to a kangaroo courts in the Palais Royal.

King and his military supporters backed down, at least since some time ago. Lafayette received command of the National Guard in Paris: Jean-Sylvain Bailly, president of the National Assembly on the Tennis Court Oath, became mayor under the new structure of government known as the commune. King visited Paris, where, on July 27, he received kokade tricolor, as well as cries of vive la Nation "Long live the State" vive le roi changed to "Long Live the King".

However, after this mess, the nobles, little assured by the reconciliation between the king and the people are real and, as it proved, while, began to leave the country as émigré, some of whom began plotting civil war in the kingdom and agitating the European coalition against France.

Necker, who was recalled to his post, a victory that did not last long. As an astute investor, but rather a shrewd politician, he had too much to ask and produce a general amnesty, losing most of his win popular support in real time.Towards the end of July melee and spirit of popular sovereignty spread throughout France. In rural areas, it is in the midst of them: some burned title deed and not the slightest contained châteaux, as part of general peasant uprising known as "la Grande Peur" (the Great Fear).

The abolition of feudalism
On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly abolished feudalism, the right of the Second Estate ketuanan and alms obtained by the First Estate. Within a few hours, a number of nobles, clergy, city, province, and the company lost privileges.

While there will be a sign of retreat, regret, and many arguments over rachat au denier 30 ("redemption in the purchase of 30 years") specified in the legislation August 4, the issue is still stalled, although the full process will happen in another 4 years.

Dekristenisasi
Revolution brought major changes to the rule of the Roman Catholic Church to the state. Legislation enacted in 1790 which abolished the church authorities to tax the earth known as the Dime (alms), abolishing the privilege of clergy, and confiscated property geraja; under the ancien régime, the church has become the largest landowner in the country.Legislation to try and put the priests in the country, making domestic workers. Subsequent years saw violent repression of the clergy, including the arrest and massacre of priests throughout France. 1801 concordat between Napoleon and the end of its dekristenisasi church and establish rules for the relationship between the Catholic Church and the French State that lasted until revoked by the Third Republic in the separation of church and religion on December 11, 1905.

The emergence of various factions
factions in the assembly began to appear. Jacques Antoine Marie nobility and clergy Cazalès Maury Jean-Sifrein lead that became known as the right wing against the revolution. "Royalist Democrat" or Monarchien, allied with Necker, the French tend to organize parallel lines similar to the model of the English Constitution: they included Jean Joseph Mounier, the Comte de Lally-Tollendal, Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre, and Pierre Victor Malouet, Comte de Virieu.

"National Party" faction representing the center or center-left panel included Honoré Mirabeau, Lafayette, and Bailly, while Adrien Duport, Barnave and Alexander Lameth represent a more extreme view. Which is almost alone in its radicalism on the left side is the Arras lawyer Maximilien Robespierre.

Sieyès led in proposing legislation of this period and successfully forged consensus for some time between the political center and left parties.

In Paris, a number of committees, mayors, council representatives, and individual districts claimed authority independent of that. Middle-class National Guard is also rising prominence under Lafayette also slowly emerged as a force in her own right, as well as other self-assembly is established.

Looking at the model the United States Declaration of Independence, on August 26, 1789, the Assembly established the Declaration of Human Rights and Citizenship. Like the U.S. Declaration, the declaration is made up of statements rather than constitutional principle to influence the official.

Towards the constitutionof the National Constituent Assembly not only serves as a legislature, but also as an agency for the proposed new constitution. Necker, Mounier, Lally-Tollendal, etc. does not work proposes a senate, whose members are appointed by the king on the nomination of the people. Most of the proposed upper house of aristocratic nobles elected by the nobles.Group of people stated on the day: France would have a single, unicameral assembly. Raja only has a "veto suspensif": it can delay the implementation of the law, but could not pull it out at all.

The people of Paris could hamper efforts to repeal the Royalists this new order: they marched on Versailles on October 5, 1789. After a number of fights and incidents, the king and royal family volunteered brought back from Versailles to Paris.

Assembly of the provincial system was replaced with 83 départements, which was governed more or less uniform and equal in terms of area and population. Originally called in to deal with financial crisis, until then this assembly to focus on other issues and only worsen the deficit. Mirabeau now led the movement to focus attention on this issue, with the assembly that provides a full dictatorship in finance at Necker.

Toward the Civil Constitution of the Reverend
Legislation Further on February 13, 1790 abolished the promise of the monastery. Civil Constitution of the Reverend, who promulgated on July 12, 1790 (although not signed by the king on December 26, 1790), changing the priests who left the civil service and asked them to swear allegiance to the constitution. Civil Constitution of the Catholic church priest also made ​​as a secular state hands.

Responding to this legislation, the archbishop of Aix and the bishop of Clermont led a strike pastor of the National Constituent Assembly. The Pope was never approved the new plan, and this caused a split between clergy who took the oath demanded and received the new plan ("jurors" or "constitutional clergy") and "not a member of the jury" or "hard-hearted pastor" who refused to do so.

Bonjour from the memorial to the death of Mirabeau
For more detailed discussion of the events of July 14, 1790 - September 30, 1791, see From the Bastille to the death of Mirabeau warning.

The Assembly abolished the symbolic equipment ancien régime, bearing armor, etc.., Which further alienated the more conservative nobles, and added the rank of émigré.

On July 14, 1790, and the next few days, the crowd on the Champ-de-Mars to commemorate the fall of the Bastille; Talleyrand mass oath to "be loyal to the state, law, and the king"; the king and royal family actively participated.

The voters initially chose to charge members of the General Council of the year, but with the Tennis Court Oath, the communes have agreed to meet continuously until France had a constitution. Right-wing elements now proposing a new election, but Mirabeau win, insisted that the assembly status has changed fundamentally, and no new elections that occurred before the perfect constitution.

In late 1790, several riots broke out a small counter and a variety of businesses going to restore all or part of the army troops of the revolution which all failed. Royal court, in François Mignet's words, "encourage every counterrevolutionary activities and no longer recognized."

The military faces a number of internal unrest: General Bouille managed to reduce a small rebellion, which raised his reputation (which is thorough) for counter-revolutionary sympathizers.

The new military code, by which promotion depends on seniority and proof of competence (rather than the nobility) to change some of the existing officer corps, who are joining the ranks émigré or a counterrevolution from within.

This period witnessed the rise of a "club" of politics in French politics, the most prominent of which is the Jacobin Club: according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, 152 are affiliated to the Jacobin club on August 10, 1790. When the Jacobins became well-known organizations, some of the founders left to form Club '89. The royalist Club des Impartiaux initially established the short-lived and then Club Monarchique. They never managed to try to persuade people to seek support by handing out the name of bread; a result, they often become the target of protests and even riots, and the Paris municipal government finally closed the Club Monarchique in January 1791.

In the midst of intrigue, the council continues to strive to develop a constitution. A judicial organization made all the judges temporarily and free of the throne. Legislators abolished the derivative positions, except for the monarchy itself. The Court jury begins to criminal cases. King will have a special power to propose war, then the legislator to decide whether or not war was declared. The Assembly abolished all trade barriers and eliminate the guild, ketuanan, and workers' organizations: everyone is entitled to trade through the purchase of the license; strikes became illegal.

In winter 1791, for the first time the panel is considering legislation to émigré. The debate pitted the country's security against the freedom of individuals to go. Mirabeau win over the measure, which he called "patutu placed in the code Drako."

However, Mirabeau died on March 2, 1791. Mignet says, "No one is equal it in strength and popularity," and before the end of the year, the new Legislative Assembly would adopt the measure "drako" it.

Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI, who was opposed to the revolution, but rejected the possibility of danger to help the other European rulers, making unity with General Bouille, who blamed the emigration and the assembly, and promised him refuge and support in his camp in Montmedy.

On the night of June 20, 1791, the royal family fled the Tuileries. However, the next day, the King is so sure it's a frivolous show themselves. Recognized and arrested at Varennes (in the Meuse département) at the end of June 21, he returned to Paris under guard.

Pétion, Latour-Maubourg, and Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave, representing the council, met members of the kingdom in Epernay and returned with them. From this time, Barnave Became adviser and supporter of the royal family.

On reaching Paris, the crowd remained silent. Assembly was temporarily suspending the king. He and Queen Marie Antoinette remained placed under guard.

The last days of the Constituent National Assemblyfor discussion more clear, please see the last days of the Constituent National Assembly.

With the majority of council members who still want a constitutional monarchy than a republic, a number of groups reached a compromise that allowed Louis XVI is nothing more than a puppet ruler: he was forced to swear to the constitution, and a decree declared that the repeal oath, head of the military to declare war upon the nation, or allow any person to do so on their behalf means a de facto abdication.

Jacques Pierre Brissot back up a petition, insisting that in the eyes of the nation Louis XVI was dropped since his escape.A large crowd gathered on the Champ-de-Mars to sign the petition. Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins gave fiery speeches. Assembly called for the municipal government to "preserve public order". National Guard under the command of Lafayette to face the crowd. The first time the soldiers returned fire by shooting into the air stone; the crowd did not disperse, and Lafayette ordered his men to shoot into the crowd, led to the killing as many as 50 people.

Immediately after the massacre, the government shut down many clubs patriot, such a radical newspaper L'Ami du Peuple like Jean-Paul Marat's. Danton fled to England; Desmoulins and Marat fled into hiding.

Meanwhile, new threats from the outside appears: Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia, and the king's brother Charles-Phillipe, comte d'Artois issued the Declaration of Pilnitz who consider the case of Louis XVI as their own case, asked for his release in full and the dissolution of the assembly, and promised to attack the French revolution on its behalf if the government refuse such terms.

If not, the statement directly endanger Louis. French people do not heed the orders of foreign authorities, and military threats only lead to the militarization of the border.

In fact, before the "Flight to Varennes", the members of the board have determined to hinder themselves from the legislature that will replace them, the Legislative Assembly. Now they gather a number of constitutional law that has them passes into a single constitution, showed remarkable fortitude in choosing not to use this as an opportunity for major revisions, and submit it to the restored Louis XVI at the time, who agreed, writing "I invite keep it in the country, to defend it from all external attacks, and cause the endorsement to be placed on completion of course I am ". King praised the Assembly and received enthusiastic applause from members and spectators. Assembly to end his term on September 29, 1791.

Mignet writes, "The Constitution of 1791 ... is the work of the middle class, then the strongest; as well known as a dominating force ever takes possession of institutions ... In this constitution is the source of all the people, but did not implement anything."

Legislative Assembly and fall of the monarchy 
the Legislative AssemblyUnder the Constitution of 1791, France serves as a constitutional monarchy. The king must share power with the elected Legislative Assembly, but he could still retain its veto and the ability to select ministers.

Legislative Assembly first met on October 1, 1791, and fell into a chaotic state to less than a year later. In the words of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: "In mencba rule, the assembly had failed. Assembly that allowed the financial gap, indiscipline and naval forces, and the people are depraved by the turmoil that is safe and successful."

Legislative Assembly consists of approximately 165 members Feuillant (constitutional monarchists) on the right side, about 330 Girondins (liberal republicans) and Jacobins (radical revolutionaries) on the left side, and about 250 representatives are not affiliated with any faction.

From the beginning, the king vetoed legislation that threatened émigré with death and it was stated that non-juror priests have to spend 8 days for the civil oath mandated by the Civil Constitution of the Reverend. More than a year, disagreements over this would lead to constitutional crisis.

It brings the politics of the French inevitably toward war against Austria and its allies. The King, the Feuillant and Girondins specifically wanted a war. The King (and many Feuillant with him) expected war would increase his popularity and he also predicted the opportunity to take advantage of every defeat: the results will make it stronger. Group Girondins wanted to spread revolution throughout Europe. Only some radical Jacobins opposed war, preferring to consolidate and develop the revolution in the country. Austrian Emperor Leopold II, brother of Marie Antoinette, hoping to avoid war, but died on March 1, 1792.

France declares war on Austria (20 April 1792) and Prussia joined on the part of Austria a few weeks later. French Revolutionary Wars had begun.

After the initial skirmish was fierce for the French, which means the military battles of the war took place in the Battle of Valmy that occurred between France and Prussia (20 September 1792). Despite heavy rains hamper decisive resolution, the French artillery proved its superiority. However, from this period, the French faced the turmoil and the monarchy has menjapada past. On the night of August 10, 1792, insurgents, supported by the new revolutionary Paris Communion, stormed the Tuileries. King and queen and eventually became prisoners of the Legislative Assembly to delay the hearing conferences monarchy: little more than a third of representatives, almost all of them Jacobins.

What is left in the national government joined in support of commune. When the commune sent to prison a group of assassins to butcher 1400 victims, and to address a circular letter to other cities in France to follow their conth, the assembly can be launched only a weak resistance. This situation continues until the convention, which was asked to write a new constitution, met on 20 September 1792 and became the new de facto government in France. The next day the convention was declared a republic and abolished the monarchy. This date was later adopted as the beginning of Year One of the French Revolutionary Calendar.

The execution of Louis XVI
on the legislative power of the new republic fell to the Convention, while executive powers rest in the fall to the Public Safety Committee. The Girondins became the most influential party in the convention and the committee.

In the Brunswick Manifesto, the monarchy and the Prussian army to the French population threatens retaliation if it did work against progress or return of the monarchy. As a consequence, King Louis is seen conspiring with the enemies of France. January 17, 1793 witnessed the death of King Louis demands for "conspiracy against public liberty and public safety" by a weak majority in the convention. Execution date of January 21 caused a lot of wars with other European countries. Louis-born empress of Austria, Marie Antoinette, followed him to the guillotine on October 16.

When the battle grew fierce, prices rose and the sans-culottes (poor laborers and radical Jacobins) rebelled; counter-revolutionary activities began popping up in some areas. This encouraged the Jacobins to seize power through a parliamentary coup, which is ridden by a force which is obtained by moving the public support for the faction Girondins, and by leveraging the power of the sans-culottes of Paris mob. Then the Jacobins and the communion elements sans-culottes to be an effective center for the new government. Become somewhat more radical policies. 

Guillotine: between 18000-40000 people were executed during the Reign of Terror

Committee of Public Safety is under the control of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins unleashed the Reign of Terror (1793-1794). At least 1200 people met his death by guillotine, etc., after charges of counterrevolution. A little picture of the mind or counterrevolutionary activities (or, in the case of Jacques Hébert, revolutionary zeal exceeding the spirit of power) can cause a person suspected, and the court did not walk with care.

In 1794 Robespierre ordered the figures are ultraradikal and moderate Jacobins executed; however, as a result, public support eroded to it at all. On July 27, 1794, the French people revolted against the Reign of Terror that was too much in the reaction of Thermidor, which caused moderate members of the convention that the death penalty for Robespierre and several other leading members of the Committee of Public Safety. The new government was largely composed of Girondis who escaped the terror, and after taking power avenge the torture that is also made to the Jacobins who had helped drop Robespierre, banning the Jacobin Club, and executed a large number of former members in the so-called White Terror .

The Convention approved the "Constitution of Year III" is new on August 17, 1795; a plebiscite ratified it in September, and took effect on 26 September 1795.

The new constitution was inaugurated Directoire (Indonesian: Directorate) and created the first bicameral legislature in French history. Parliament consists of 500 representatives (Conseil des Cinq-Cents/Dewan Five Hundred) and 250 senators (Conseil des Anciens / Senior Council). Executive power was transferred to a 5 "director", chosen by the Conseil des Anciens yearly from the list provided by the Conseil des Cinq-Cents.

The new régime met with opposition from remaining Jacobins and royalists. Damping forces of rebellion and counter-revolutionary activities. In this way the army and the generals who succeeded, Napoleon Bonaparte gain more power.

On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire of the Year VIII) Napoleon staged the coup which inaugurated the Consulate; this effectively start his dictatorship and eventually (1804) statement as the emperor, which brought close to a specific phase of the republicans during the French Revolution.

The birth of thinkers advocate a change.
Montesqueu (1659-1755)
His book is "L'Esprit des Lois" (His soul the Act). Explained the history of the Act and administrative regulations, dirincinya all evil and goodness. Power to make laws, run the law and the judiciary should be separated.

Voltaire (1694 1778)
Actually, in his day, Voltaire, better known as a poet than a lawyer. With a firm and precise criticized the reign of Louis XIV of aristocrats. He compared the British government in the berparlemen by the French parliament has only his name, whereas, the parliament since Louis XIII is no longer functioning. Then he compared the reign of Frederick II in Germany, who acted for the sake of society. Voltaire, JJ Rousseau to support the opinion that all rules that have not fit to be eliminated.

JJ Rousseau (1712 - 1775)The worship and praise to the people to say too much. As a writer he is classified as nature worshipers, just as two friends from England that William Words Worth and Charles Dickens. Humans are part of nature, and worship him more popular, because the behavior of the people who are innocent sincerity, not in people who have been smoothed or polished manners. The people are everything to him. JJ Rousseau to broadcast the ideology of human freedom and equality. Rousseau wrote a book called "Social Contract". He explained how it should be laws and regulations for the civilized man. Rousseau's writings are quite got the attention of the people of France, seen as a holy book in the direction of change so that all people feel obliged to read it. The essence of the Contract Sociale that power is in the hands of the people.

IMPACT OF THE WORLD REVOLUTION IN FRANCE
a. Abolition of feudalism
led to the abolition of feudalism no longer factions society with equal rights and obligations are.

b. The idea of growing supremacy of Law
Constitution is the supreme authority. In the reign of King Louis XVI and the previous government. Laws of the French imposed on any person and the same region, because of the privileges and traditions are different in each daerah.Sejak reign of Napoleon, uniform laws on everyone and daerahuntuk Constitution that Napoleon called up the book that later became the Civil Code Code Napoleon

c. The idea of the emergence of the People's Government
considered inappropriate because the turnover of power generation to the next does not guarantee the quality of a head of state. Therefore, it is necessary to form the Government of the republic with a head of state directly elected by the people.

d. Understand the development Demokarasi
mumcul Got this as a result of the recognition of human rights, especially human rights of freedom and equality.

e. Understand spreading liberalism
When Napoleon came to power, he became the biggest spreaders of understanding Liberalism. Almost all of Europe and other regions outside of Europe succeeded in conquered, Napoleon established a liberal government.

f. Understanding the spread of nationalism
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite is the watchword of the Revolution Prancia which means Freedom, Equality, and Fraternity.This motto describes semagat nasionalieme to unite the French people.

g. The idea of the onset of the Revolutionary Action
of the French Revolution's success in overthrowing the power of an arbitrary king, has assured the people that in case of injustice sewakyu-time people can act in a revolutionary

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The factors driving the Industrial Revolution in England:
a. Availability of basic materials for industrial sufficient
b. Ownership of capital is large enough.
c. The development of science and technology
d. The rapid progress in shipping trade brings progress for
e. Agrarian revolution
f. The existence of the colony or colonies of Asia, Africa, and America

Discoveries that accelerate the onset of the industrial revolution:

Jamess steam engine by Watt (Father of the Industrial Revolution)

1. Machines Spinner by James Hargraves
2. Clermont steamboat by Robert Fulton
3. By George Stephenson's Rocket locomotive
4. Telegraph by Morse
5. Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell

As a result of the Industrial Revolution:
a. Prices of goods become cheaper
b. Low-wage workers
c. Progress of world trade
d. The emergence of modern imperialism
e. The onset of the employer class and working class