Sabtu, 26 Mei 2012

Painting / ART

 
 
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Painting / Fine Arts is one branch of art. With the same basic sense, painting is a more complete development of the drawing.
Painting is an activity to process two-dimensional medium or surfaces of objects in three dimensions to get a certain impression. Painting medium can be anything, such as canvas, paper, board, and even film in photography can be considered as the medium of painting. The tools used can also vary, with the requirement to provide a certain image to the media used. general history of painting prehistoric age Historically, painting was strongly associated with the image. Prehistoric relics show that since thousands of years ago, human ancestors had begun making drawings on cave walls to portray the important parts of life. A painting or drawing can be made ​​only by using simple materials such as charcoal, chalk, or other materials. One of the techniques made ​​famous picture of prehistoric cave people is to put a hand on a cave wall, then menyemburnya to chew the leaves or colored mineral stone. The result is plagiarism colored hand-colored on the walls of the cave that can still be seen today. This convenience allows the figure (and subsequent paintings) to grow faster than other branches of fine arts such as sculpture and ceramic art.


Such as drawings, paintings mostly made ​​on a flat surface such as walls, floors, paper, or canvas. In modern art education in Indonesia, this property is also called the bi-dimension (two dimensional, flat dimensions).
objects that often appear in works of ancient man, and beast, and other natural objects such as trees, hills, mountains , rivers, and seas. The shape of the objects drawn are not always similar to the original. This is called the image and it is strongly influenced by the painter's understanding of the object. For example, a picture of a bull's horn is made ​​with the proportion of unusually large compared to the size of the original horn. Imaging is influenced by an understanding of the painter who thinks the horn is the most impressive part of a bull. Therefore, the image of one kind of object to be different depending on the communities' cultural understanding. At one point, there are certain people in a group of prehistoric people spent more time to draw rather than looking for food. They began to make advanced picture and begin to find that the shape and arrangement of a certain way, when arranged in such a way, it would seem more interesting to watch than usual. They began to find some sort of taste and beauty in its activities continue to do it so that they become more expert.They were the first artists in the world and that's when drawing and painting began leaning to art activities.

Painting of the classical age
of classical era painting mostly intended for the purpose of:
  1. Mysticism (as a result not of religious development)
  2. Propaganda (as an example of graffiti in the ruins of Pompeii),
  3. In this time of the painting is meant to mimic as closely as possible the forms that exist in nature. It is as a result of development of science and the beginning of the realization that art is able to communicate better than words in many ways.
Medieval painting
As a result of too strong influence of religion in medieval painting experience penjauhan of science. Science is regarded as the magic that can keep people from devotion to God. Consequently, the painting was no longer in line with reality.
Most of the paintings in this day and age is more of symbolism, not realism. So hard pressed to find a painting that could be categorized as "good". Paintings of this period and used for religious propaganda tool. Some religions forbid the depiction of animals and humans encourage the development of abstrakisme (separation elements form the "right" of the object).

Renaissance painting
Beginning of the Florentine. After the defeat of the Turks, many scientists and humanists (including painters) who withdrew from the Byzantines to the Italian peninsula area now. Support of families who control the city of Florence deMedici of modern science and art of creating synergies both generate many new contributions to European culture. Art finds new life in the rebirth of the art of classical antiquity. Science in this city is no longer considered magic, but as a new tool to regain power is seized by the Turks. In the end, the influence of art in the city of Florence spread throughout Europe to Eastern Europe.
Who are well known figures from this period are:
  • Tomassi
  • Donatello
  • Leonardo da Vinci
  • Michaelangelo
  • Raphael
Flow painting
Different schools continue to grow in the art from antiquity to the era, among others:

A. Naturalism
is a flow stream of art that prioritizes compliance with the state of living creatures, nature, and inanimate objects really are.The most visible example is the self portrait, landscape, or landscape.
Naturalism That is a form of works of art (visual arts) in which the artist tried to depict all things according to nature or natural nyatan, means adapted to catch our eye. So that the painting is made ​​right - really similar or identical to the real, the composition, contrast, perspective, texture, light and dark staining is done as precisely as possible, the letter setepanya. in art is an attempt to show realistic objects with emphasis on natural settings. This is a further deepening of labih realism movement in 19th century as a reaction to the establishment of romance. One of naturalism in the American artist William Bliss Baker, a landscape painting is considered the best realist paintings of this movement. Salahs atu important part of the naturalist movement is Darwinism views about life and the damage humans have inflicted on nature.
List of Painters Naturalism:
Soeboer Doellah-William Bliss Baker-Raden Saleh-Hokusai-Mura Fresco Affandi-l-Basuki Abdullah - William Hogart-Frans Hail

2. The realism
of this flow shows a real social situation and is usually cause for concern and is being churned in the world or a particular place. Examples of this stream of art depict, among others, poverty, sadness, or a sad event.
Realism in art means business showing the subject in a work as it appears in everyday life without the extra frills or a particular interpretation. Its meaning can also refer to the art of business in junior fashion show of truth, even without hiding a bad thing though. Discussion of realism in art can also refer to the cultural movement that began in France in the mid-19th century. But the work with the idea of realism is already there in 2400 BC are found in the city of Lothal, which is now known as India.

Realism as a cultural movement
became known as Realism in the French cultural movement as a reaction against Romanticism understanding established in the mid-19th century. These movements are closely related to social struggles, political reform and democracy.
Realism then dominated the world of art and literature in France, Britain and the United States in around 1840 until 1880.Adherents of the French literary realism of Honoré de Balzac include the name and Stendhal. While the realist artist Gustave Courbet was the famous Jean François Millet and.

Realism in art
realist visual artist always trying to show the daily lives of the characters, setting, dilemmas, and objects, to achieve verisimilitude (very lively). Realist artists tend to ignore theatrical dramas, the subjects that appear in the space that is too broad, and other classical forms which had already been popular at that time.
In a broader sense, the realism of the business will always occur whenever artists try to observe and mimic the natural forms accurately. For example, images in the time of renaissance painter, Giotto can be categorized as a work of realist painter, his work has been to better mimic the physical appearance and volume of objects better than had been cultivated since ancient Gothic.
Honesty in showing every detail object seen also from the works RembrandtBarbizon School focus closer observation of nature, yag then open the way for the development of impressionism. In England, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood rejected the idealism of Raphael's followers then led to a more intense approach to realism. known as one of the best realist painters. Then in the 19th century, a group in France known as
Trompe l'oeil technique, the art technique which shows the extreme effort to bring the concept of realism artists.
List of famous painter of realism
• Karl Briullov
• Ford Madox Brown
• Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin
• Camille Corot
Gustave Courbet •
• Honoré Daumier
• Edgar Degas
• Thomas Eakins
• Nikolai Ge
Gierymski • Alexander
• William Harnett
Louis Le Nain •
• Édouard Manet
• Jean-François Millet
• Ilya Repin Yefimovich

3. Cubism
Cubism is an art in which the flow starts from the simplification of natural forms to geometric (checkered). In 1909 developed the analytical cubism developed the concept of four dimensions in painting. And understood as a concept of time and space in painting. At each corner of the painting looks broken object with a different position. While the Synthetic Cubism, pelukisannya prepared with different areas of overlapping and translucent. Is the flow that tends to make abstraction of the business objects into geometric forms to get a certain sensation. One well-known figures of this genre is Pablo Picasso.
Cubism is a modern art movement in early 20th-century pioneered by Picasso and Braque. The basic principles are common to the cubism that describe the object shape by cutting, distortion, overlap, simplification, transparency, deformation, collating and various looks. This movement began in the media of painting and sculpture through their approach
to cubism, his work forms using geometric shapes (triangles, squares, cones, cubes, circles, etc.) cubism artists often use collage techniques, for example, put a piece of paper stationery news, pictures and other posters.

Nonimitative cubism as the originator of the style of Picasso and Braque appeared after digging at the same time affected the form of primitive art, like sculpture tribes of Liberia, bas-relief (basrelief) Egyptian, and African tribal masks. Also the influence of Paul Cezanne paintings, especially works of still life and landscape, which introduces a new geometry with a break of Renaissance perspective. It made ​​an impression on them that shed a new flow. The term "Cabbage" itself, thanks to observations of some critics blaze. Louis Vauxelles (French critic) after seeing a piece in the Salon des Independants Braque, Braque's work as berkomenmtar that reduces everything to little cubes (put things in the form of small cubes. Gil Blas says Braque painting as bizzarries cubiques (magic cube). Meanwhile, Henri Matisse called it a composition of petits cubes (small cubes). So henceforth use the term Cubism to characterize such flow of such works.
early development
In the early development stage, through a phase of Analytical Cubism to Synthetic continued in phase. In the 1908-1909 Cubism soon lead to more complex in a more systematic pattern which then ranged from 1910-1912. This initial phase is often termed Analytical Cubist paintings as objects to be analyzed. All elements must be fragmented paintings consist of facet-fasetnya or in the form of a cube. Painting objects is sometimes drawn from the front half looks exactly, while the other half viewed from the rear or side. Human faces or animal heads are exposed in such a way, a cursory look from the side with the eyes should be visible from the front. At this phase of Analytical Cubism, the artist has actually made a statement in painting the fourth dimension, namely time and space because the pattern has been abandoned a long time perspective.
If the analytically Braque and Picasso pereiode still locked in a limited creativity, in contrast to the phase of Synthetic Cubism. The cabbage is no longer fixated on the three basic colors in a scratch-scratches. The theme of their works were more varied. With the courage to leave the point of view that became his trademark for innovative move to the next level.
development work is the next Cabbage with their attention to the reality. By entering the clippings word or phrase taken from suratpaper Colle. paper then glued on the canvas to form a geometric composition. Experimental patches are commonly known techniques such as collage or
Register Cubist Painters:
* Paul Cezane
* Pablo Picasso
* George Braque
* Metzinger
* Albert Glazez
* But Mochtar
Apin Moctar *
Dawn * Fingerprint
* Andre Derain

4. Romanticism
flow is generally characterized by the themes of the fantastic, full of imagination, or the adventures of ancient heroes. Also featuring a variety of behaviors and many human characters exaggerated. The painters include delacroik Eugene (1798-1963), Jean Baptiste Camille Corot (1796-1875) and Rousseau (1812-1876). This style is also developing in Germany, the Netherlands, and France. Romanticism is the oldest stream flow in the history of modern painting in Indonesia. Painting with this stream trying to evoke memories of romantic and beauty in every object. Landscape is often taken as the object background lukisan.Romantisme painters pioneered by the Dutch colonial times and is transmitted to the indigenous painter for the purpose of collection and galleries in the colonial era. One well-known figures of this genre is the Raden Saleh.

5. Impressionism
flow is in the art world began mocking expression on the work of Claude Monet (1840-1926) at the Paris exhibition in 1874. This work describes the morn lotus flowers are displayed in the form of a vague and hazy color and by some art critics have referred to as "impressionistic", a painting which menampilakan form of a simple and too plain.

6. Surrealism
is a psychological depiction of the fantasy world that is expressed in verbal, written or visual. Natural forms of deformed, so full of fantasy and out of the ordinary. Painting with the flow is mostly resemble the forms are often found in dreams. The painter tried to ignore the overall form and then process any particular part of the object to produce a particular sensation that can feel human without understanding its original form. Flow is mostly surrealism paintings resemble the forms that are often encountered in the dream and the actual shape of the human subconscious mind warehouse. Painters tried to free his thoughts from the mind of logical form and then pour any part of the object to produce a particular sensation can be felt without having to understand the human original form. One popular figure in this genre is the Salvador Dali

7. Expressionism
is a school of art depicting the atmosphere of grief, violence, happiness, or joy in the expression of the emotional and expressive way. An homage to one of the painter Vincent van Gogh's expressionism is (1853-1890). Painting paintings full of expression as a result of mental turmoil and suffering hidup.salah failure in one of his famous paintings is "Night Full of Stars" (1889), which express high arousal as well as feelings of loneliness.
Definition of Expressionism is art that prioritizes the flow of freedom in form and color to pour emotion or feeling.
Ekspressionisme is the tendency of an artist to distort reality with the emotional effects. Expressionism can be found in works of painting, literature, film, architecture, and music. The term is usually more emotional towards the kinds of emotions of anger and depression than happy emotions. Painter Matthias Grunewald and El Greco can be called expressionist.
List Expressionism Painters of the 20th century which are classified as:
• Germany: Heinrich Campendonk, Emil Nolde, Rolf Nesch, Franz Marc, Ernst Barlach, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Erich Heckel, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Max Beckmann, August Macke, Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler, Ludwig Meidner, Paula Modersohn-Becker, Gabriele Munter, and Max Pechstein.
• Austria: Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka
• Russia: Alexei Jawlensky and Wassily Kandinsky
• Netherlands: Charles Eyck , Willem Hofhuizen, Jaap Min, Jan Sluyters, Jan Wiegers and Hendrik Werkman
• Belgium: Constant Permeke, Gust De Smet, Frits Van den Berghe, James Ensor, Floris Jespers, and Albert Droesbeke.
• France: Gen Paul and Chaim Soutine
• Norway : Edvard Munch
• Switzerland: Carl Eugen Keel
• Indonesia: Affandi

8. Konstruksifisme
art flow was originally developed in Russia, among others, Vladimir Tattin originator, Antoine Pevsner, Naum Gabo and.This style presents the three-dimensional art form, but his form of abstract. The materials used are modern materials such as iron concrete, wire, and even plastic.

9. Elektisisme
That is the movement of the early art of the 20th century that combines various sumbergaya of the world into a modern art form. Many have become a source of inspiration of this art style. Among other things, the art style primitive tribes in a number of African, pre-historic art, Latin American art, style esetik Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece. Figures apply this style of art that other antasra Picasso (Cubism as well as figures), Paul Gaugguin, Georges Braque, Jean Arp, Henry Moore, and Gabo.

10. Dada
is the modern art movement that has a tendency to nullify the laws of beauty are the main ada.Ciri this style is a blend of various works of painting, sculpture or a particular item by adding the element of the unusual way in protest at the surrounding circumstances, such as painting reproduction paintings " Mona Lisa "by Leonardo da Vinci but was given a mustache, or petusan men are given the holder and signature, and then exhibited in a gallery.

11. Abstrakisme
art featured art elements are arranged is not limited to the forms that exist in nature. Lines, shapes, and colors displayed regardless of the original form in nature. Marupakan Kadinsky and Piet Mondrian abstract homage to some of these artists.Abstract art is basically trying to purify the works of art, without being bound by the form in nature.
It is an attempt to exclude elements of the form of painting. Abstraction techniques are evolving rapidly as the outbreak of the current contemporary art means avoiding a crude imitation of the object. Elements that are considered capable of providing the sensation of the object being amplified to replace the reduced form of the element portions. Abstraction is also called as one of the streams contained in the painting.

12. Postmodern
art term is commonly called the grouping of contemporary art styles of contemporary art with an observer or a popular trend and voted on by the artists in the span of the last fifty years until now. This style is often defined as the flow that develops after modern art. If modern art is more concentrated in the personal expression and extracting a new style, in a post-modern art is concerned with artistic expression semantika (meaning art) and semiotics (sign game art).

13. Plural painting
is an active process of art through a kind of meditation or intuition odyssey to capture and translate the motion of life of the instincts of life into the visual language. Visual language that is used is grounded in the concept PLURAL PAINTING. That is, to display the idioms that can achieve accuracy relative to what has been caught by intuition uses idioms that are: multi-ethnic, multi-technique, or a multi-style.

14. Leaf painting
is a stream of contemporary art, where painting is to use the leaves of plants, which are color or no color. These paintings make use of leaf litter of plants, where the leaves have a distinctive color and does not rot if handled properly

15. Art Fauvism
Fauvism is a flow in painting a fairly short-lived before the era of modern art. Fauvism's name comes from the word satire "fauve" (wild beasts) by Louis Vauxcelles when Salon d'Automne exhibition commented on the article to supplement Gil Blas October 17, 1905 edition, page 2.
Popularity flow starts from Le Havre, Paris, to Bordeaux. Concept of maturity achieved in 1906.
Fauvism is the flow value in capturing the atmosphere of expression that was about to be painted. Unlike the works of Impressionism, painters fauvis argues that the harmony of colors that are not connected with reality in the show it will be more personal relationship with the natural artist.
Fauvism basic concept can be traced to the first time in 1888 from Paul GauguinPaul Sérusier comments: to
"How do you see these trees? They are yellow. So, put in yellow; this shadow, rather blue, paint it with pure ultramarine; these red leaves? Put in vermilion. "
"How do you interpret those trees? Yellow, because yellow is added. Then the shadow looks a bit blue, so add ultramarine. The leaves are red? Just add Vermillion. "
All matters relating to the observations in an objective and realistic, as was the case in naturalistic painting, replaced by an understanding of emotional and imaginative. As a result the colors and the concept of the space will feel undeniably poetic.The colors are used is clearly no longer adapted to the colors on the field, but following the painter's personal desires.
use of line in painting Fauvism simplified so that viewers can detect the presence of a clear and strong lines. As a result of recognizable objects without having to consider a lot of detail.
Painter called for rebellion against the establishment fauvis painting that has long helped by the objectivity of science as it happens in the flow of Impressionism, although the sciences from their previous painters still used as the basis of a painting .This is especially true in the early popularity of this genre in the period 1904 to 1907.
Effect of the initial effect of this flow may be obtained from the pilot was initiated by the works of Paul Cezanne, Gustave Moreau, Paul Gauguin, and Vincent van Gogh. Although the artist does not engage the Fauvism movement and different era with the start of this school, but his work was the template for the young painters who would later become a painter fauvis.
Although only a short-lived, Fauvism was the base flow of the concept of modern art next.
List of Painters Fauvism:
• Henri Matisse
• André Derain
• Georges Braque
• Albert Marquet
Henri Manguin •
• Charles Camoin
• Henri Evenepoel
• Puy Jean
Maurice de Vlaminck •
• Raoul Dufy
Othon Friesz •
• Georges Roua.

History painting in Indonesia
Indonesia modern painting began with the entry of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. The tendency of Western European art of that era into the flow of romance to make a lot of painters Indonesia was co-developed flow.
Raden Saleh Syarif Bustaman is one of the assistants who were fortunate enough to learn the European style of painting practiced by the Dutch painter. Raden Saleh then went to Holland to learn to paint, so that Indonesia had become a respected painter and became court painter in several European countries. But Indonesia is not painting through the same development as the European renaissance era, so that its development was not through the same stages. The era of the revolution in Indonesia Indonesia made ​​a lot of painters switch from romantic themes to be inclined towards "populist".Object associated with the natural beauty of Indonesia is considered as a theme that betray the nation, because lick considered to be the enemy of the capitalist ideology of communism that were popular at that time. In addition, tools such as paint and canvas painting an increasingly difficult to come to Indonesia paintings tend to form simpler, hence the birth of abstraction.
Culture Manifesto movement that aims to fight the imposition of the ideology of communism in the 1950s to make painters prefer to free their art from a particular political interest, thus starting the era of expressionism. The painting is no longer regarded as a messenger and a propaganda tool. Indonesia journey of painting since the pioneering R. Saleh until the beginning of this XXI century, was still swayed by the various conflicts of conception. Indonesian art establishment that has not reached the level of success has been ravaged by the idea of ​​modernism that led to the alternative art or contemporary art, with the emergence of the concept art (conceptual art): "Installation Art", and "Performance Art", which had flourished in parts of the campus arts college of about 1993-1996. Then came the various alternatives such as "collaboration" as a mode 1996/1997. Along the same way a conventional painting with a variety of styles adorn the galleries, which is no longer as a token of appreciation to the community, but it is an alternative investment business.

Famous painters Indonesia
  • Affandi
  • Agus Djaya
  • Bagong Kussudiardja
  • Barli Sasmitawinata
  • Basuki Abdullah
  • Djoko yell
  • Dullah Suweileh
  • Gabriel Ferry
  • Hendra Gunawan
  • Herry Dim
  • Jeihan
  • Kartika Affandi
  • Lee Man Fong
  • Mario Blanco
  • Otto Djaya
  • Popo Iskandar
  • Raden Saleh
  • S. Sudjojono
  • Srihadi
  • Sri Warso Wahono
  • Poster
  • Atim Pekok
  • E. Darpo.S

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